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CATALOGUE OF THE NEOTROPICAL SQUAMATA PART I. SNAKES

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UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 297

Catalogue of the Neotropical Squamata

Part I. Snakes

JAMES A. PETERS United States National Museum and

BRAULIO OREJAS-MIRANDA Museum of Natural History Montevideo, Uruguay

With the collaboration of Roberto Donoso-Barros Universidad de Concepcion

Concepcién, Chile

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS City of Washington 1970

Publications of the United States National Museuin

The scientific publications of the United States Na- tional Museum include two series, Proceedings of the United States National Museum and United States National Museum Bulletin.

In these series are published original articles and monographs dealing with the collections and work of the Museum and setting forth newly acquired facts in the fields of anthropology, biology, geology, history, and technology. Copies of each publication are dis- tributed to libraries and scientific organizations and to specialists and others interested in the various subjects.

The Proceedings, begun in 1878, are intended for the publication, in separate form, of shorter papers. These are gathered in volumes, octavo in size, with the publi-

cation date of each paper recorded in the table of con- tents of the volume.

In the Bulletin series, the first of which was issued in 1875, appear longer, separate publications consisting of monographs (occasionally in several parts) and vol- umes in which are collected works on related subjects. Bulletins are either octavo or quarto in size, depending on the needs of the presentation. Since 1902, papers re- lating to the botanical collections of the Museum have been published in the Bulletin series under the head- ing Contributions from the United States National Herbarium.

This work forms number 297 of the Bulletin series.

Frank A. Tayror Director, United States National Museum

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON : 1970

a ee ee ee eee For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $6.75 per set of 2 volumes, sold in sets only

INTRODUCTION

This catalogue represents an attempt to make it possible for participants in the International Biological Program working in Latin America to identify the snakes encountered in the field. It was originally planned to include information on the ecology and ethology of the reptilian species, to permit field investigators to distinguish the unusual ecological event from the commonplace occurrence, but time has not permitted the inclu- sion of that degree of detail. We have instead focussed our attentions on the construction of a workable field manual with keys designed to help identification without laboratory facilities. We have not been entirely successful, because a few taxa cannot be separated without the use of a dissecting microscope or the checking of internal characteristics, but for the most part the keys can be used with little more than a hand lens for specimen examination,

The limits we have established for the area covered by this work are from the border between Mexico and Guatemala south throughout continental South America and all off-shore islands within the continental shelf. The Galapagos and the islands of the Caribbean are not included.

The synonymies presented for the taxa are very abbreviated. Within each genus we include only those generic synonyms whose type species are considered to belong to the genus under discussion. Only the original description for each genus is included, with no attempt made to document changes in the "generic concept". The type species, when given, has always been previously designated as such, unless we clearly indicate that we are taking such an action at this time. We apologize for our failure to indicate the method of type designation, but time did not permit us to undertake this diffi- cult task. For each species we have included the original citation to it, its first assignment to its current generic position if other than as originally assigned, all "absolute" synonyms (is esis those in which the holotype, lectotype, or neotype belongs to the species in which the synonym occurs), and, whenever possible, a citation to a recent work which includes a modern description and/or a figure, to aid the user in identification. No other generic shifts, no misidentifications, and no "in part" references are included. The author's name is not separated in any way from the binomial in the citations to original descriptions. In all other citations, the author's name is separated from the binomial by a dash. Each cita- tion includes the actual date of publication; the name exactly as it was spelled by the original author, including capitalization of specific names; the author; the journal; the volume or the number, which stands alone if possible but which is quali- fied by material in parentheses if necessary; the page on which the taxon is first named; illustra- tions; and finally the type locality, with summaries of any restrictions or later clarifica- tions of it.

Este cat&logo representa un intento de pos i- bilitar la identificacién de serpientes encontra- das en el campo a los participantes del International Biological Program que trabajan en Sudamérica. Originariamente se habfa planeado la inclusién de informacién ecolégica y etoldgica de las especies de reptiles, para permitir al inves- tigador de campafia la distincién entre aconte- cimientos ecolégicos desusados y los que son lugar comin, pero la falta de tiempo impidié la inclu- siédn de tal grado de detalles. En cambio hemos concentrado nuestra atencién en la elaboracion de un manual de campafia funcional con claves disena- das para ayudar a la identificacién sin las facilidades de un laboratorio. No hemos tenido éxito en todo porque unos pocos taxones no pueden ser separados sin usar el microscopio de diseccidén © sin examinar las caracteristicas internasy, pero en su mayorta las claves se pueden usar con poco mas que un lente de aumento con que examinar el ejemplar.

Los lfmites que hemos establecido para el area cubierta por este trabajo son desde la frontera entre Mejico y Guatemala hasta el extremo sur de Sudamérica continental y todas las islas costeras dentro de la plataforma continental. Las islas Galdpagos y del Caribe no han sido incluidas.

Los sindénimos de los taxones presentados estén muy abreviados. En cada género se incluyen solamente aquellos sindnimos genéricos cuya especie tipo es considerada como perteneciente al género en discusién. Se incluye solamente la descripcién original de cada género, no hemos intentado documentar cambios en el "concepto genérico", Siempre que damos la especie tipo es porque ha sido designada como tal previamente, a menos que indiquemos claramente que hemos tomado agu’ tal medida. Lamentamos no poder indicar el metodo de designacién de tipos, pero la falta de tiempo no nos permite emprender tal dificil tarea. En cada especie hemos incluido su cita original, su primera asignacion a la posicién genérica corriente si es que se le ha asignado otra distin- ta que la original, todos los sinénimos "absolutos" (e je: aquéllos en que el holotipo o neotipo per- tenece a la especie en que ocurre el sinénimo) yy, cuando posible, una cita de un trabajo reciente que incluye una descripcién moderna y/o una figura, para ayudar al usuario en la identifica- cidn. No se incluye ninguna otra transferencia genéricay identificacién falsa o referencia "parcial". El nombre del autor no ha sido separa- do de ningdn modo del binomio en las citas de las descripciones originales. En todas las otras citas el nombre del autor esta separado del bino- mio por un guiodn. Cada cita incluye la fecha efectiva de la publicacién; el nombre con la misma ortograffa que us6 autor, incluyendo nombres especificos con maydscula; el autor; la revista; el volumen o el numero, por si solos si es posible o con material aclaratorio entre paréntesis si es necesario; la pagina en que se nombra al taxén por primera vez; ilustraciones y, finalmente la localidad tipo con restmenes de cualquier restric- cién o aclaracién posterior.

vi

INTRODUCTION

We have attempted to avoid any non-documented taxonomic changes in this catalogue, although it has proven necessary to make a few modifications in some taxa. When we have made such changes, we indicate it by the words "new combination" after the species heading, and we have given our reasons for so doing in the "Comments". In those genera prepared by cooperating herpetologists, however, we have not prevented the presentation of his con- cepts of the alignment of species within the genus, even though documentation has not been published elsewhere. In every instance we have ascertained that prompt publication of documentation is anti- cipated before including the changes, but we cannot guarantee that it will be done. In all cases where material has been furnished by a cooperator, his name and address will be found at the beginning of the generic discussion, and he should be given full credit in any citations of that material.

The date of publication is always the actual date, insofar as we could determine it, and it does not always agree with the date given in the publication itself. When there is a difference, the latter date is given in parentheses after the volume number. The only exception to this is vol- ume 4 of the Memorias do Instituto Butantan. We learned too late to modify all of the many cita- tions to this volume that it actually appeared in 1930, not 1929, as stated on the cover. All other volumes in the Memorias are cited here by actual year of publication, which is usually one or two years later than indicated on the publica- tion.

The distribution given for each taxon is based on information in the literature, with addi- tions and extensions from specimens we have been able to find in various collections. Some of our changes in known distribution have been documented, but we have made no attempt to do so for every modification we have included.

The names of all political and geographic units within any country have been given as spelled by that country, but country names have been given in English usage, so that "Brasil" is "Brazil" and "Panama" is "Panama". Where names but not boundaries have been changed, we use the modern name, even in the citation of type locali- ties. Thus, all localities in "British Guiana" are here given as "Guyana", We have corrected errors in orthography throughout, if we could suc- cessfully document the error. Our primary source has been the series of gazetteers prepared by the United States Board on Geographic Names, although many additional sources have been checked.

Most of the keys presented here are the standard dichotomous type, although occasionally we have found it useful to include "trichotomies" and the user should watch for this possibility.

In such instances, of course, a choice is made from three possibilities rather than two. In the case of very large genera, however, we have intro-

Hemos tratado de evitar en este catdlogo todos los cambios taxondémicos que no estuvieran documentados, si bien fue necesario hacer unas pocas modificaciones en algunos taxones. Cuando se han hecho tales cambios lo indicamos con las palabras "new combination" después del tftulo de la especie y explicamos nuestra razones para el cambio en "Comments". Sin embargo en aquellos géneros preparados por nuestros colaboradores herpetédlogos no hemos impedido la presentacion de sus conceptos en el ordenamiento de las especies dentro del género, aun cuando no hubiera docu- mentacion previamente publicada. En cada caso hemos solicitado la pronta publicacién de docu- mentacion antes de introducir tales cambios, pero no podemos garantizar que as? se haga. En todos los casos en que un colaborador ha proporcionado material hemos puesto su nombre y direccién al comienzo de la discusién del género y a él le corresponde todo el crédito cuando dicho material sea citado.

La fecha de publicacién es siempre la fecha

real en la medida en que se pueda determinar ésta no siempre coincide con la fecha dada por la

publicacién misma. En tales casos esta Gltima aparece entre paréntesis después del nimero del volumen. Una excepcién es el volumen 4 de las Mem- orias do Instituto Butantan. Cuando era demasiado tarde para modificar las numerosas citas de este volumen descubrimos que en realidad habta aparecido en 1930, no en 1929. Los demas volimenes de las Memorias son citados aqui con el afio efectivo de de la publicacién, que es usualmente uno o dos afios mas tarde del indicado en la portada.

La distribucién dada en cada tax6n se basa en informacién sacada de la literatura con adiciones y agregados basados en ejemplares que hemos encon- trado en varias colecciones. Algunos de nuestros cambios en la distribucién conocida han sido docu- mentados, pero no hemos intentado documentar todas las modificaciones inclufdas por nosotros.

Se dan los nombres de todas las unidades polfticas y geograficas dentro de cada pais de sacuerdo a la ortograffa de ese pafs, pero los nom- bres de los pafses se han escrito segtn la orto- graffa inglesay asf "Brasil" es "Brazil" y "Panama" es "Panama". Donde los nombres han cambiado, pero no las fronterasy usamos el nombre modernoy, aun al citar localidades tipo. As? aqui nos referimos a todos las localidades en "British Guiana" como "Guyana". Hemos corregido todos los errores ortograficos que pudieran ser documentados debidamente. Nuestra principal fuente de informa- cién ha sido la serie de gacetas preparadas por Board on Geographic Names del gobierno de los Estados Unidos, aunque también hemos consultado muchas otras fuentes.

La mayorfa de las claves aqui presentadas son del tipo dicotémico comin, aunque ocasionalmente ha sido conveniente incluir "tricotomfas", y el usuario debe estar al tanto de esta posibilidad. En tales ocasiones, naturalmente, hay que elegir entre tres posibilidades en vez de dos. No obs-

tante en el caso de géneros muy grandes se ha

vii

INTRODUCTION

duced a different concept. Any attempt at writing keys for poorly known, large genera is likely to be futile, and we have avoided this by presenting as much data as possible in the form of a matrix. This permits "random entry" identification, for the user can select any character in the matrix he wishes to check, and eliminate all taxa that do not possess that character, finally arriving at a considerably reduced number of taxa (hopefully, only one) after checking a series of characters. This concept has formed the basis of computer identification, since the machine can do such sorting more rapidly and efficiently than the human, and the random entry matrices presented here are organized in such a way that they can be incorporated in the computer programs now availa- ble for such machine sorting. It is our assump- tion that this method of identification will be used more and more in the future, and we hope that presenting these matrices will encourage others to begin to organize their data similarly, thus anticipating the day when computer keys are available to all users.

A work of this magnitude becomes very depend- ent upon the cooperation and collaboration of many people. We wish to express our gratitude to all those who have helped us in any way. The following list indicates the number of individuals who have contributed to the work. While we have tried to make the list inclusive, the omission of anyone who has aided us should be regarded solely as the consequence of the faulty nature of our "disc storage", rather than failure to recognize the help.

introducido un concepto diferente. Probablemente resultarfa indtil intentar escribir una clave de un género grande, poco conocido, hemos evitado esto al presentar la mayor cantidad de datos posibles en forma de una matriz. Esto permite la identificacién de "entradas al azar", por que el usuario puede seleccionar dentro de la matriz cualquier caracter que desee poner a prueba y eliminar todos los taxones que no posean tal cardcter, llegando finalmente a un nGmero suma- mente reducido de taxones (es de esperar que sea uno solo) después de revisar una serie de carac- teres. Este concepto constituye la base de la identificacién por computadora, ya que esta maquina puede seleccionar mas rapida y eficazmente que el ser humano y las matrices de entradas al azar presentadas aqui estan organizadas en tal forma que se las puede incorporar en los programas para computadoras ahora disponibles para tal seleccién automatica. Suponenos que este método de jidentificacién se usara cada vez mds en el futuro y esperamos que la presentacién de estas matrices alentara a otros a empezar a organizar sus datos en forma similar, previendo asi el dfa en que haya claves para computadoras disponibles para todos los usuarios.

Un trabajo de esta magnitud depende en alto grado de la cooperacién y colaboracién de mucha gente. la siguiente lista indica el nimero de personas que han contribuido a esta obra. Aunque hemos tratado de incluir a todos en esta lista, la omisién de alguno de los que nos ayudaron debe ser considerada solamente como consecuencia de la naturaleza defectuosa de nuestra memoria, pero no como una inhabilidad de apreciar la ayuda recibida.

(In alphabetical order): Jorge Abalos, Fernando Achaval, Joseph Bailey, Avelino Barrio, Charles Bogert, Werner Bokermann, Simon Campden-Main, Nelly Carrillo de Espinoza, Antenor de Carvalho, Ronald Crombie, Marcos Freiberg, Howard Gloyd, Jose Gallardo, Alphonse Hoge, Robert Inger, George Jacobs, Edward Keiser, Miguel Klappenbach, Abdem Lancini, Clarence McCoy, Nicéforo Marfa, Oswaldo Mineses, Marta Miranda, Charles Myers, Gustavo Orcés-V., Donald Owens, Neil Richmond, Carlos Rivero-Blanco, Douglas Rossman, Janis Roze, Richard Sage, Jay Savage, Wade Sherbrooke, Hobart Smith, Richard Timmerman, Robert Tuck, Paulo Vanzolini, Jaime Villa, Warren

Walker, Larry Wilson, George Zug.

In addition to the above, we also wish to acknowledge several specific contributions to the work involved in the production of this volume. By far the bulk of the typing work was done by Jean Middleton, and the overall appearance of the text owes a great deal to her attention to detail, layout, arrangement, and so on. She functioned as a general manager of the entire project, and we cannot overestimate the magnitude of her con- tribution. Beatriz Moisset Peters spent many hours translating and correcting the spanish versions of the text after one of us (Ore jas) returned to South America, and she also has contributed greatly to our overall accuracy. Additional typing assistance came from Gladys Banks and Dolores Icarangal. The text figures, unless otherwise acknowledged, were done by Thomas Yuskiw.

We wish finally to record our debt to Roberto Donoso Barros, who worked with us on this catalogue. He perhaps should have been recorded as an author rather than as a colla- borator, since all three of us have worked closely together on the entire project.

Ademas de los mencionados, deseamos expresar nuestro reconocimiento por varias contribuciones especificas referentes a la produccién de este volumen. Jean Middleton mecanografio la mayor parte de este trabajo y la apariencia general del texto gané mucho gracias a su interés en los deta- lles. Ella operdéd como administradora general de todo el proyecto y no es posible sobreestimar el valor de su contribucién. Beatriz Moisset Peters dedicé muchas horas a la traduccién y correccién de la versién en espafiol después que uno de nos- otros (Ore jas) regresara a Sudamérica. También contribuyd en gran medida a la exactitud del trabajo. Gladys Banks y Dolores Icarangal mecanografiaron el resto del trabajo. Las figuras del texto fueron hechas por Thomas Yuskiw a menos que se especfique otra cosa.

Finalmente deseamos expresar nuestra deuda para con Roberto Donoso Barros, que traba jd con nosotros en este catalogo. Talvez se lo deberfa incluir como uno de los autores en vez de cola- borador, ya que los tres trabajamos en estrecho contacto a través de todo el proyecto.

Vested:

INTRODUCTION

We are concerned that the users of this catalogue may regard everything presented as of equal value and significance, since there are considerable differences in the comparative relia- bility of the information given from one genus to another. In order to forestall assumptions of equivalent reliability, we have devised a code to indicate an evaluation of the information presented for each genus. The user will note one to four stars in the heading line for every genus. These stars have the following significance:

One Star: Low reliability. Keys and synonymies prepared by us from existing literature; difficulties encountered by us because of insufficient descriptions, non-availability of critical specimens, or other reasons; manu- script not checked by outside reviewer, since no one is currently engaged in revisionary study of the genus, to our knowledge. In the case of monotypic genera, one star means we have reasons to doubt its validity as a distinct genus.

Two Stars: Moderate reliability. Keys and synonymies prepared almost entirely by us, but usually checked against specimens and adequate information in the literature; manuscript often reviewed externally, although not necessarily by specialist actively studying genus. Further study needed to give better understanding of genus.

Three stars. Good reliability. Keys and synonymies prepared either by us in consulta- tion with a specialist or by the expert himself, or modified from monographs, check- lists, or regional studies. Added work is usually in progress on the genus by the specialist, and we anticipate early publication by him to improve our understanding even more.

Four Stars. High reliability. Manuscript either prepared externally, in which case the author is acknowledged in the heading material; or taken by us from a very recent generic mono- graph summarizing the literature and including all available specimens for study.

We have submitted this "reliability" list to all external authors and asked for their opinion before assigning the code, so it can be considered an indication of the author's personal evaluation, rather than ours.

The work on this catalogue was supported by

a Smithsonian Research Award to the senior author. The catalogue is listed as project no. 2 in the U.S.A. section of Section CT (Conservation Terr- estrial) of the International Biological Program.

Nos preocupa la posibilidad de que los usua- rios de este catélogo vayan a dar igual valor o significado a las distintas partes del mismo, ya que la seguridad de la informacién suministrada varfa considerablemente de unos géneros a otros. Para evitar que se llegue a la conclusién de que toda la informacién es igualmente digna de confi- anza hemos ideado un cédigo que valore la calidad de la informacién presentada en cada género. E1 usuario vera de una a cuatro estrellas en el en- cabezamiento de cada género. Estas tienen el siguiente significado:

Una Estrella: Poca confianza. Claves y sind- nimos preparados exclusivamente por nosotros a partir de la literatura existente; dificul- tades halladas por nosotros a causa de des- cripciones insuficientes, especimenes criticos no disponibles u otras razones; el manuscrito no ha sido revisado por nadie de afuera ya que no sabemos de nadie que esté ocupado en hacer un estudio de revisién del género en el momento actual. En el caso de géneros monotfpicos una estrella significa que tenemos motivos para dudar de su validez como género aparte.

Dos Estrellas: Moderada confianza. Claves y sinénimos preparados casi totalmente por nos- otros, pero usualmente confrontados con especi- menes e informacién adecuada en la literatura; manuscrito a menudo revisado por alquien de afuera, aunque no necesariamente por un especia- lista en ese género. Se necesita mas estudio para comprender mejor ese género.

Tres Estrellas: Bastante confianza. Claves y sinénimos preparados por nosotros en consulta ¢on un especialista o por el experto mismo o modificados de monograffas, listas de especies o estudios regionales. Usualmente hay trabajo adicional en marcha del especialista en el géneroy y anticipamos su pronta publicacién para mejorar aun mas nuestra comprension del mismo.

Cuatro Estrellas. Mucha confianza. Manuscrito o bien preparado afuera en cuyo caso se nombra al autor en el encabezamiento o preparado por nosotros a partir de una monograffa muy reciente que resume la literatura e incluye todos los especimenes disponibles para estudio.

Hemos presentado esta lista de "dignidad de con- fianza" a todos los autores de afuera y pedido su opinién antes de asignar el cédigo, asi que se la puede considerar como indicacién de una valoracién del autor antes que nuestra.

El trabajo del catdlogo fue sufragado por Smithsonian Research Award al autor principal. El catdlogo figura como proyecto no. 2 en la parte de los Estados Unidos de la Seccién CT (Conserva- cién Terrestre) del Programa Biolégico Internacion- al.

26

9.

10.

ll.

12.

13.

14.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF SNAKES

Ventrals and dorsals equal in size, or ventrals feebly enlarged, only slightly larger than dorsal scales, do not extend clear across

Ventrals considerably enlarged, much larger than dorsal scales, extend across entire

venter--------------------------------------- 2 Large, deep pit in loreal region between eye and nostril-------------------------------- 181 Loreal region without deep pit---------------- 3 Scale rows at midbody fewer than 30------------ ee 4 Scale rows at midbody more than 30---------- 165 Tail not compressed--------------------------- Tail compressed, oarlike-------------- Laticauda Dorsal scale rows about one head length anter- ior to anus at least two less than count at mi dbody=====-==-==< 5-H on enn nnn eo 6 Dorsal scale rows same number throughout body, no dorsal reduct i ons-------------------=------ Scales in odd number of rows----------------- 69 Scales in even number of rows, vertebral row miss iNg------------ << 999 -- == nnn === == 7 Scale rows 12 or fewer ---------------- Chironius Scale rows 14 or more------------------ Spilotes Number of dorsal scale rows at midbody more than 18------------------------------------- 67 Number of dorsal scale rows at midbody fewer than 18-------------------------------------- 9 Anal single---------------------------------- 47 Anal divided--------------------------------- 18 Dorsal scale rows at midbody ]17-------------- 32 Dorsal scale rows at midbody fewer than 17----- RDS RS a SS Sa Sa 1 Body pattern of complete rings of color around body---------------------------------------- 29 Body pattern without complete rings---------- 12 Anteriormost tooth on maxillary (often only tooth on bone) with venom canal (Fig. ee worn nnn nn nnn nn nen n nnn nnn Leptomicrurus Anteriormost teeth on maxillary without canal or otherwise differentiated from other maxil- lary teeth---------------------------------- 13 Loreal present------------------------------- 20 Loreal absent-------------------------------- 14 Parietal in contact with labials------------- 15 Parietal separated from labials by temporals-16 Internasals fused with prefrontals------------- St Apostolepis Internasals distinct from prefrontals, which may be fused into single scale or not--------- air Elapomorphus

2.

9.

10.

ll.

12.

is

14.

Ventrales y dorsales de igual tamafio, o ven- trales sélo ligeramente mayores que dorsales, no se extienden a través de todo el vientre---

Ventrales considerablemente dilatadas, mucho mayores que dorsales, se extienden a través de

PEO. gE i 2 Con una fosa grande, profunda en regidn loreal ELT Up ESO |Our Ras ens 181 Sin fosa profunda en region loreal------------ 3 Hileras de escamas a través del medio cuerpo menos de 30---------------------------------- 4 Hileras de escamas a través del medio cuerpo mas de 30---------------------------------- 165 Colla, no compr imida=----=—---___—-_-_-_-__—_-_ = 5

Cola comprimida, en forma de remo-------------

Hileras de escamas dorsales a una cabeza de longitud antes del ano por lo menos dos menos que la cuenta del medio cuerpo--------------- 6

Hileras de escamas dorsales en igual numero a lo largo de todo el cuerpo, sin reducciones--8

Escamas en numero impar de hileras----------- 69 Escamas en nimero par de hilerasy sin hilera vertebra] ----------<------ == = == = = === 7 Hileras de escamas 12 0 menos----=---- Chironius Hileras de escamas 14 0 mas------------ Spilotes Ndmero de hileras de escamas dorsales del medio cuerpo mas de 18---------------------------- 67 Ndmero de hileras de escamas dorsales del medio clierponmenoside)|6=———-——-_—_-——_—— — = 9 Anal Gnica----------------------------------- 47 Anal dividida-------------------------------- 10 Hileras de escamas dorsales del medio cuerpo 17 As ES Re aS SO a a 32 Hileras de escamas dorsales del medio cuerpo menos de ] [----------92 9-2 11 Disefio del cuerpo con anillos completos de co- lorpsalrededor delecuerpo-———-———_——— == 29 Disefio del cuerpo sin anillos completos------ 12

Diente m4s anterior del maxilar (a menudo el Unico diente en este hueso) con canal de veneno (Fig. ] )-------------~---- Leptomicrurus

Diente mas anterior del maxilar sin canal u

‘ Se ah , : ; otra diferenciacion de demas dientes maxilares

a aa aaa aaa 13 Con loreal----------------------------------- 20 Sin loreal----------------------------------- 14 Parietal en contacto con labiales------------ 15

Parietal separado de labiales por temporales-16

Internasales distintas de prefrontales, que pueden estar fusionadas en una sola escama o

Oe Elapomorphus

Bo a ES EE EEE EEE

GENERIC KEY

Fig. 1. Maxillary of elapid snake, showing fixed fang on anterior end of bone

CART ITT MEPS Fige 3. Colubrid maxil-

lary, last two teeth en- larged, no diastema, no

grooves 16.Internasals normal, not fused---------------- 17 Internasals fused, single plate---------------- a a aaa aa Pseudoeryx 7 Ventrals: more, than, 120==----------=--—-=—==—— 18 Ventrals fewer than 120---------------------- 19 18.Ventrals fewer than 170; maxillary teeth anter- ior to fangs 12-15-------------------- Tantilla Ventrals more than 170; maxillary teeth anter- ior to fangs 3-5------------------ Elapomorphus 19.Total maxillary teeth 22-25; last two without qr00Ves==—=<———-=—-—-___ = Tantillita Total maxillary teeth fewer than 21; last two with grooves=—--==—=<—-——--===—=~—-—-—— Tantilla

-------------------------------------------- 21 Scales at midbody sthirteen=—-------—----_-_— ~-------------------- --- -- =~ - - one Pseudablabes 21.Prefrontals two, or three-------——-—-——-—=—-———— 22 Prefrontals fused into single scale------------ ------------------------------------ Trimetopon 22.Two prefrontals------------------------------ 23 Three prefrontals------------------ Hydromorphus 23.Internasals and prefrontals distinct----------- ~-------------------------------------------- 24 Internasals fused with prefrontals, but still pa ired------------------------------ Elapomo jus

25-Preocular absent; both loreal and prefrontal

enter orbit--------------------------------- ei Preocular present; prefrontal does not enter orbi t----s=-==-==--==<5----5- =~ = == === =~ == 26 26.Chinshields large; striped----------- Adelphicos Chinshields small; unicolor------------- Enulius

lant caracal { aR ~

Fige 4. Colubrid maxil- lary, last two teeth en- larged, diastema pres- ent, no grooves

Fig. 2. Colubrid maxillary, all teeth uniform, no di- astema, no grooved teeth

Fig. 5. Colubrid maxil- lary, diastema present, last two teeth enlarged and grooved

16.Internasales normales, no fusionadas-----------

ht 17 Internasales fusionadas, una sola lamina------- ------------------------------------ Pseudoeryx 17.Ventrales mas de 120------------------------- i8 Ventrales menos de 120----------------------- 19 18.Ventrales menos de 170; dientes maxilares ante- riores a colmillos 12-15-------------- Tantilla Ventrales mas de 170; dientes maxilares ante- rlores a icolmililos*#3=5---==—=-====— Elapomorphus 19.Total de dientes maxilares 22-25; los dos dlti- MOS 'Sikn, SURCOS=—<—{——— ~~ Tantillita Total de dientes maxilares menos de 21; los dos Gltimos con surcos-------------------- Tantilla

20.Hileras de escamas del medio cuerpo mas de

trece--------------------------------------- 21 Hileras de escamas del medio cuerpo trece------ ---------------------------------- Pseudablabes 2lePrefirontalies: dossoutres=————a—— ea 22 Prefrontales fusionadas en una sola escama----- aaa aaa alee Trimetopon 22.Dos prefrontal es---------==-==-<=------====== 23 Tres prefrontales=---=------~=——--=—— Hydromorphus 23.Internasales y prefrontales distintas---------- -------------------------------------------- 24 Internasales fusionadas con prefrontales, pero ain en pares------------------------ Elapomo jus 24.Temporales anteriores mas de una--------------- oo 77 - $n Mastigodryas Una temporal anterior------------------------ 25

25.Sin preocular; loreal y prefrontal entran en la

6rbita-------------------------------------- 27 Con preocular; prefrontal no entra en la sree Joa ec ae eenee eee Soe oe eee eee ee SSeS 2 26.Escudos geniales grandes, a rayas-------------- ------------------------------------ Adelphicos Escudos geniales chicos, unicolores------------

3

oo wh eeeeeeeSeeeeeeeSeSeSeSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSMSseeee

GENERIC KEY

27.Body striped--------------------------------- 28 Body with dark blotches dorsally--------------- Fr nn nnn Calamodontophis 28.Apical pits absent on dorsal scales——-—------ a a ee Liophis Single apical pit present ----—-----~-~ Trimetopon 29.Loreal present------------------------------- 31 Loreal absent-------------------------------- 30

30.Fixed fang with venom canal on maxillary bone

(Fig. | )-----+-----+------------------- Micrurus No fixed fang with venom canal---------- Hydrops

eet Scolecophis Apical pits absent--------------- Erythrolamprus

32.Two prefrontals present, may be fused with internasals--------------------------------- 33 Prefrontals fused into single scale------------

------------------------------------ Trimetopon 33-Parietals separated from labials by temporals-- worn o no +--+ ------------------------------- 34 Parietals in contact with labials-------------- wot r noo -------------------- Parapostolepis

34.Rostral does not separate internasals and/or

1 ine-------------------------------------=--- 35 Rostral separates internasals and/or prefron- tals, and contacts frontal------------- Ficimia 35-Scales smooth-------------------------------- 37 Scales keeled on all or only posterior part of body----------------- ---- == 3 = - = = = = 36 36.Entire body with keeled scales--------- Storeria Keels only on scales on posterior part of body, most prominent near anus----------- Amastridium 37-Nasal not fused with internasal-------------- 38 Anterior nasal fused with internasal----------- aaa ala aaa Stenorrhina

38. Body round; head not distinctly broader than neck; vertebral scale row approximately same width as paravertebral row------------------ 39

Body strongly compressed; head distinctly broader than neck; vertebral scale row wider

than paravertebral rows-------------- Imantodes 39.O0ne anterior temporal------------------------ 4) Two anterior temporals------------- ai 40 40.Ventrals fewer than 160-------- Scaphiodontophis Ventrals more than 159------------- Mastigodryas

41.Body with "coral snake" pattern, may or may not be complete ventrally----------------------- 42 Body without "coral snake" pattern---------- -43

27.-Cuerpo rayado----~-----------------------~---- 28 Cuerpo con manchas oscuras a dorsa]l------------

Sq RETR Oo RSS SS SSS see Calamodontophis 28.Sin fosetas apicales en escamas dorsales------- Sa a I aa la mh gg Liophis

Con fosetas apicales en escamas dorsales------- aa Trimetopon

29.Con loreal----------------------------------- 31 Sin loreal----------------------------------- 30

30.Colmillo fijo con canal del veneno en maxilar (Fig. 1)------------------------------ Micrurus Sin colmillo fi jo con canal del veneno---------

a Hydrops 31.Con fosetas apicales en escamas dorsales------- a atehatetatatatetatatateatatatatatatatatatatatetattetatatatetatatatas Scolecophis Sin fosetas apicales------------- Erythrolamprus 32.Con dos prefrontales, pueden estar fusionadas con internasales---------------------------- 33 Prefrontales fusionadas en una sola escama----- nnn errr Trimetopon

33.Parietales separadas de labiales por temporales

Parietales en contacto con labiales------------ a at aaa Parapostolepis

34.Rostral no separa las internasales y/o prefron- tales que contactan en linea media dorsal-----

tales y contacta la frontal------------ Ficimia Eee aS Escamas quilladas en todo el cuerpo o sédlo en parte poster ior----------------------------- 36 36.Todo el cuerpo con escamas quilladas----------- on - 59-292 ----------------------------- Storeria

Quillas sdlo en escamas de parte posterior del cuerpo, mas prominentes cerca del ano--------- ----------------------------------- Amastridium

37-Nasal no fusionada con internasal------------ 38 Nasal anterior fusionada con internasal-------- a aa Stenorrhina

38.Cuerpo redondo; cabeza no distintamente mas ancha que el cuello; hilera vertebral de esca- mas aproximadamente tan ancha como hilera paravertebral ——<-——- == —— = —_ = 39 Cuerpo fuertemente comprimido; cabeza clara- mente mas ancha que el cuello; hilera verte- bral de escamas mas ancha que hileras paraver-

tebrales----------------------------- Imantodes 39.Una temporal anter ior------------------------ 4) Dos temporales anteriores--------------- -----40 40. Ventrales menos de 160--------- Scaphiodontophis Ventrales mds de 159--------------- Mastigodryas 41.Cuerpo con disefio de "serpiente de coral", puede ser completo a ventral o no----------- 42 Cuerpo sin disefio de "serpiente de coral"----43

Bs mem nl ce ey te en noes

GENERIC KEY

pee eS eee

42.Maxillary teeth normal--------------- Pliocercus Maxillary teeth with spatulate tip, arranged in groups of three, each group including one short, one medium, and one long tooth--------- nn n=, Scaphiodontophis

43.Loreal and preocular both present, two plates between nasal and orbit--------------------- 44 Loreal or preocular absent, only one plate hetween nasal and orbit---------------- Enulius

Fig. 6. Dorsal scales, without apical

pits. Anterior end of scale at top in this figure and Figure 7.

45.No nuchal collar or band across back of head;

Sizeugenechally) ar. g@ao—— naan 46 With nuchal collar or band across back of head; size diminutive--------------------- Trimetopon

46.Posteriormost maxillary teeth enlarged (Fig. 4)

aaa aaa Sordellina 47.Dorsals at midbody 1/---=-=------------------ 58 Dorsals at midbody fewer than 1/7------------- 48

a a a 51 Vertebral scale row distinctly larger than Daa VGRCe Da Sa 49 49.Mental groove absent (Fig. 8)----------- Dipsas Mental groove present------------------------ 50

Fig. 8 Dipsas latifrontalis, showing ab- sence of mental groove (from Peters, 1960)

42. Dientes maxilares normales----------- Pliocercus

Dientes maxilares con 4pice espatulado, dispues- tas en grupos de tres, cada grupo incluye un diente corto, mediiano y largo—-------------—-~

43.Con loreal y preocular; dos laminas entre nasal y Orbita------------------------------------ 44

Sin loreal o sin preocular, sdlo una lamina entre nasal y 6rbita------------------- Enulius

44.Sin fosetas apicales en escamas dorsales: (Fig.

Fig. 7. Double apical pits on dorsal

scales. May also be single. Usually outer layer of scale must be removed and examined dry under high magnifi- cation to see pits.

45.Sin banda o collar nucal a través del dorso de

la cabeza; generalmente de gran tamafo------ Sa a 46

Con collar o banda nucal a través del dorso de la cabeza; tamafo diminuto---------- Trimetopon 46.Dientes maxilares posteriores dilatados (Fige4) ------------ = -- 5-2 -nnnnn- Leimadophis Todos los dientes maxilares aproximadamente del mismo tamaho (Fig. 2 Sordellina 47\Dorsalies\-dell imediioscuenpor Wij—--—>—==——— ooo 58 Dorsales del medio cuerpo menos de 1/7-------- 48

48.Hileras vertebral y paravertebral casi iguales-

See a Te REE aEE LT LE 51 Hilera vertebral distintamente mas grande que PanaveRntebrad €or 49 49.Sin surco mental (Fig. 8 )--------------- Dipsas Con) surpcomentaliq-—--—--—- nnn 50

Fige 9. Sibon nebulata, showing enlarged sixth labial (from Peters, 1960)

5

GENERIC KEY

50.Labial below anterior temporal enlarged and in contact with postocular, anterior and poster- ior temporal, much higher than neighboring

labials (Fig. 9)------------------------ Sibon No one labial in contact with postocular, anterior and posterior temporal--------------- See aa en ne Ee Imantodes

-------------------------------------------- 54 Parietals in contact with labials------------ 52 52. Internasals and prefrontals distinct--------- rr nn nr nnn nn nnn nn n= Geophis Internasals and prefrontals fused------------ 53 53.Loreal absent=-----=---=--------—==- Apostolepis Lorneal: present=———-<—-=-<~=~———__— = === Geophis 54.Apical pits absent on dorsal scales (Fig. 6)--- Apical pits present (Fig. ?}--------- Drymoluber 55.No tooth on maxillary either with groove or closed canal -------------------------------- 57, Tooth on maxillary either with groove or closed cana] --------------------------------------- 56

56.Anteriormost, often only, tooth on maxilla with closed canal (Fig. 1)----------------- Micrurus Posteriormost, never ee tooth on maxilla

with open groove (Fig. 5)---------- Apostolepis 57-Loreal plate present------------------------- 60 Loreal plate absent----------------- Drepanoides 58.Prefrontals fused into single scale------------ -------------------------------------------- 66 Prefrontals normal--------------------------- 59 59.Subcaudals double---------------------------- 60 Subcaudals single--------------------- Pseudoboa

60.Parietal separated from labials by temporals---

-------------------------------------------- 61 Parietal in contact with at least one upper labial~-------------------------------- Geophis 61.Scales keeled-------------------------------- 62 Scales smooth-------------------------------- 63 62.Ventrals fewer than 170------------------- Ninia Ventrals more than 170------------ Tropidodipsas 63.Mental groove present------------------------ 64 Mental groove absent-------------- Sibynomorphus

64.Labial below anterior temporal enlarged, con- siderably higher than neighboring labials, and in contact with postocular, anterior and pos-

terior temporals (Fig. 9)--------------- Sibon

All labials about same size, not as described above--------------------------------------- 65 65.Ventrals more than 200------------------- Clelia Ventrals fewer than 200---------------- Atractus

50.Labial debajo de temporal anterior agrandado y en contacto con postocular, temporal anterior y posterior mucho mas altas que labiales

vecinas (Fig. 9)-"---------------------- Sibon Ninguna labial en contacto con postocular, temporal anterior y poster ior----------------- ooo - $$ -- = == - === Imantodes

-------------------------------------------- 54 Parietales en contacto con labiales---------- Ly 52. Internasales y prefrontales distintas-------- nn nn nn nnn nnn nnn = Geophis Internasales y prefrontales fusionadas------- 53 53-Sin loreal-------------------------- Apostolepis Con loreal------------------------------ Geophis

Con fosetas apicales (Fig. 7}-------- Drymoluber 55-Ningun diente del maxilar con surco o canal cerrad0--------- == == = n= = 57 Diente en maxilar con surco o con canal cerrado -------------------------------------------- 56 56.Diente anterior (a menudo el Gnico) del maxilar con canal cerrado (Fig. eee Micrurus Diente posterior (nunca el Gnico) del maxilar con surco (Fig. 5)----------------- Apostolepis 57-Con lamina loreal ---------------------------- 60 Sin lémina loreal------------------- Drepanoides 58.Prefrontales fusionadas en una sola lamina----- -------------------------------------------- 66 Prefrontales normales-+---------------------=- 59 59+Subcaudales dobles--------------------------- 60 Subcaudales de a una------------------ Pseudoboa

por lo menos--------------------------- Geophis 61.Escamas quilladas---------------------------- 62 Escamas lisas-------------------------------- 63 62.Ventrales menos de 170-------------------- Ninia Ventrales mas de 170-------------- Tropidodipsas 63.Con surco mental----------------------------- 64 Sin surco mental------------------ Sibynomorphus

64.Labiales debajo de temporal anterior agrandadas, considerablemente mas altas que labiales veci- nas y en contactocon postocular, temporales

anterior y posterior (Fig. 9) ==<=-===--- Sibon Todas las labiales aproximadamente del mismo

tamafioy no como el anterior----------------- 65

65.Ventrales mas de 200--------------------- Clelia

Ventrales menos de 200----------------- Atractus

6

GENERIC KEY

66.Scales keeled---------------------- Chersodromus 66.Escamas quilladas------------------ Chersodromus Scales smooth-----------------------7- Xenopholis Escamasmlilisa'S == — ee Xenopholis 67.Prefrontals normal --------------------------- 68 67.Prefrontales: normalies---——-——=-=——=—=———— == — 68

Prefrontals fused to form single scale -------- Prefrontales fusionadas formando una sola an nnn nnn nnn Synophis escama--------------------------------Synophis 68.Ventrals fewer than 200------------------- Ninia 68.Ventrales menos de 200-------------------- Ninia Ventrals more than 200------------------- Clelia Ventrales mas de 200--------------------- Clelia 69.Some or all dorsal scales keeled------------ 140 69.Algunas o todas las escamas dorsales quilladas- Dorsal. ‘scales ‘Sm00th=—===—— oo en an O° eee t ae SS oS Soe eee eer se ares ae ae Se 140 Escamas dorsales lisas---==--=--------------- 70 70.Anal single--------------------------------- 116 7O.Anal Gnica---------=---------=====---==--=-— 116 Anal divided--------------------------------- 71 Anal dividida-------------------------------- 7 leROStrel, NOCM@ lemon ane oa ae 73 PleRoStral, NORMA] =a eee eae 73

Rostral modified, either raised, pointed, and keeled dorsally, or flattened, with hori-

ZiOME A OG Cr cme 72 J2escales: in) LW] inowS=——==———— = a Simophis Scales in 19-2] rows===-==-----------= Lystrophis

73-Vertebral row of scales greatly enlarged, dis- tinetly larger than neighboring rows of scales

miiwaneneenane sense es Se aee een aaa Vertebral row of scales approximately same as neighboring scales--------==-----=---------- 75

74.Ventrals fewer than 200------------- Uromacer ina Ventrals more than 200---------------- Imantodes

76.Fewer than 26 midbody scale rows------------- 77 More than 26 midbody scale rows---------- Elaphe TijaitOrs @ ail pealst ©) Ip CE mame 81 Loreal plate absent-----------------------==- 78 78.Maxillary lacks diastema in tooth row, last teeth distinctly larger than others tics 3)-- ene rn Hydrops Not as above--------------------------------- 79 79-Head short, wide; snout rounded-------------- 80

Head elongated, slender: snout pointed-Oxybelis

80.Maxillary bone extremely reduced, without teeth

anterior to enlarged, grooved fangs-----------

a 5 ee Opisthoplus Maxillary not reduced, teeth present anterior

to enlarged, grooved fangs (Fig. 5) ----Lomodon

81.Anterior temporals two or more-------------- 103 One anterior temporal or none---------------- 82 82. Midbody scale’ rows: 17 or fewer--=----==---—== 93 Midbody scale rows more than 17-------------- 83

Rostral modificada, o bien elevada, puntuda y quillada dorsalmente o aplanada con borde

hor 1. ZON tall << ne aaa 72 72.Escamas en 15=l/ hilenas—-=——- aoa Simophis Escamas en 19-21) hideras———=—--——-—— = Lystrophis

73-Hilera vertebral de escamas muy agrandadas, claramente mayores que hileras de escamas

vec inaS----------------------- +--+ ~------- 74 Hilera vertebral de escamas del mismo tamafio aprox imado que escamas vecinas-------------- nS 74Nentrales menos dev 200==-—-----——-—— Uromacer ina Ventrales mas de 200------------------ Imantodes

75.Dos laminas loreales entre nasal y preocular---

Ban en oe ae. Trimorphodon Con una o ninguna lamina loreal-------------- 76

76.Menos de 26 hileras de escamas del medio cuerpo

gona n nanan nnn nanan n nanan nanan nnn nnn 7

Mas de 26 hileras de escamas del medio cuerpo-- ------------- -- nnn Elaphe

77 «Con Jamina loreal ====—-——~== == =o 81 Sin lamina loreal---------------------------- 78

78.Maxilar sin diastema en la hilera de dientes, Gltimos dientes mucho mayores que los otros

(Fig. 3}------------------------------- Hydrops No como el anterior-------------------------- 19 79.Cabeza corta, ancha; hocico redondeado------- 80

Cabeza alargada, fina; hocico puntudo--Oxybelis

80.Hueso maxilar extremadamente reducido; sin dientes anteriores a colmillos grandes

rrr Opisthoplus Maxilar no reducido; con dientes anteriores a colmillos grandes surcados (Fig. 5 )+---Tomodon

81.Temporales anteriores dos 0 mas------------- 103 Temporal anterior uno o ninguno-------------- 82

82.Hileras de escamas del medio cuerpo 17 0 menos-

7 GENERIC KEY

83.Dorsal scales normal (Fig. 10)--------------- 84 Dorsal scales in oblique rows (Fig. oe

Fige 10. Normal arrangement of dorsal

scale rows. Anterior end of snake is toward top of page in this and Fig. ll.

84.Apical pits present (Fig. () momen n enna == 85 Apical pits absent (Fig. 6)------------------ 89 85.Maxillary with diastema, teeth posterior to diastema enlarged, not grooved (Fig. 4)----- 86 Not as above--------------------------------- 88 86.Dorsal scales 19 at midbody------------------ 87 Dorsal scales 21 at midbody---------- Hypsiglena 87.Subcaudals fewer than 80------------ Leimadophis Subcaudals more than 80---------------- Dromicus 88.Pupil vertically elliptic-------------------- 97 Pupil round-------------------------- Philodryas 89.Body striped throughout its length----------- 91 Body not striped throughout its length------- 90

g0.Diastema present in maxillary tooth row (Fig.

/)) je eeieeren SS Re ae SSS Lioheterophis Diastema absent (Fig. D) sawn ewan sean Eenes Liophis

J91.No grooves on posteriormost maxillary teeth--92 With grooves on posteriormost maxillary teeth-- ns ns en nnn na Coniophanes

92.Pale brown above, with dark brown vertebral and

Sting les lake trate Sib relly Cm ee eee Liophis

Not as above-----------=---=-------=-=--= Lygophis

Gas bipe tonite bsp et te mcr eee 94

Single! pretrontal) scale=—=—-=—--=-——— Hydromorphus

94.Apical pits present (Fig. .? SSRIS SSS SSSSSSS 95

Apical pits absent (Fig. 6)------------------ 98 95-Maxillary with diastema, last teeth enlarged

but not grooved (Fig. 4)----------- Leimadophis

Not as above--------------------------------- 96

83.Escamas dorsales normales (Fig. re 84 Escamas dorsales en hileras oblicuas (Fig. i) = --------------------------------------- Xenodon

Fig. 11. Dorsal scales arranged in oblique rows, as seen in Xenodon.

84.Con fosetas apicales ae ])---------------- 85 Sin fosetas apicales (Fig. 6

85.Maxilar con diastema, dientes posteriores a diastema agrandados, no acanalados (Fig. 4)-86

No como el ‘anteri or={—=-=<==——--——-=—=—_--- == 88 86.Hileras de escamas del medio cuerpo 19------- 87 Hileras de escamas del medio cuerpo 1/7--------- ---------------------+---------------- Hypsiglena 87.Subcaudales menos de 80------------- Leimadophis Subcaudales mas de 80------------------ Dromicus 88.Pupila verticalmente elfptica---------------- 97 Pupil redonda------~------------------ Philodryas 89-Cuerpo rayado a todo lo largo---------------- oe Cuerpo no rayado a todo lo largo------------- 90 90.Con diastema en hilera de dientes maxilares (Fig. 4)------------------------ Lioheterophis Sin diastema (Fig. 3) -------------------- Liophis

91.Sin surcos en dientes maxilares posteriores--92 Con surcos en dientes maxilares posteriores---- ----------------------------------- Coniophanes

92.Castafio claro arriba, con cinta vertebral y una sola cinta lateral, ambos parda oscura-Liophis

No como el anterior-------------------- Lygophis rarer ora ee ss OY gc re 94 Una sola escama prefrontal--------- Hydromorphus 94.Con fosetas apicales (Fig. i} ---------------- 95 Sin fosetas apicales (Fig. 6)---------------- 98

95.Maxilar con diastema, Gltimos dientes agranda-

dos pero sin surco (Fig. 4)-------- Leimadophis No como el anterior-------------------------- 96

GENERIC KEY

96.Spotted or blotched dorsally, not unicolor,

without black margins on scales------------- 97 Bluish gray dorsally, scales usually with black margins, uniform yellow below-------- Platynion

97-Maxillary teeth gradually and feebly increasing

in length (Fig. 3)3 usually without dark line

from eye to corner of mouth----------~ Leptodeira Maxillary teeth subequal (Fig. 2); head usually

light with oblique dark streak from eye to

OTST Fete 0 UP ema eee Tachymenis 98. Ventrals: more than) 13l==--=—--—=-=—-— === == 99 Ventrals fewer than 131--------------- Umbrivaga 99.Body striped throughout length-------------- 100 Body not striped throughout length------ Liophis

100.Without grooves or canals on posteriormost

WOU eh eed ete che as ce 101 Last maxillary teeth grooved (Fig. 5)-Ditaxodon

101.No diastema in row of maxillary teeth------- 102 Diastema present----------------------- Lygophis 102.Hemipenis single; tip capitate-------- Rhadinaea Hemipenis bifurcate; tip disked--------- Liophis 103.Posteriormost maxillary teeth grooved (Fig. 5)- ------------------------------------------- 104 Without grooved teeth----------------------- 112 104.Apical pits present (Fig. ? ---------------- 105 Apical pits absent (Fig. 6)----------------- 110 105.Anterior mandibular teeth longest----------- 106 All mandibular teeth subequal--------------- 108

106.Maxillary fang rather small, weak; maxillary

teeth usually more than ten (in a few species

of Tachymenis as few as ee 107 Maxillary fang large, strong; maxillary teeth 6-8------------------------------ Pseudotomodon

107-Pupil round; pterygoid teeth 20-24, extend

anteriorly beyond articulation of pterygoid with ectopterygoid------------------ Gomesophis Pupil vertical; pterygoid teeth fewer than 20, do not extend anteriorly beyond articulation of pterygoid with ectopterygoid---------------

108.More than ten maxillary teeth anterior to two

enlarged teeth---------------------===---=-- 109 Fewer than ten maxillary teeth anterior to two enlarged teeth, maxillary may be completely edentulous except for enlarged fang-like teeth

(Fig. I) J aan enieioesaiiciniee ee Tomodon 109.Pupil round-------------------------- Philodryas Pupil vertical------------------- Thamnodynastes

96.Con borrones o manchas dorsales, no unicolor,

escamas sin bordes negros------------------- 97 Gris azulado a dorsal, escamas usualmente con

borde negro, amarillo uniforme a ventral------ ------------------------------------- Platynion

97-Dientes maxilares que aumentan de longitud

gradualmente (Fige 3); usualmente sin linea

usualmente clara con lfnea oscura oblicua desde el ojo a comisura de la boca--lIachymenis

98.Ventrales mas de 13]------------------------- 99 Ventrales menos de 131---—=-------~~-- Umbrivaga 99-Cuerpo rayado a todo lo largo--------------- 100 Cuerpo no rayado a todo lo largo-------- Liophis

100.Sin surcos ni canales en dientes maxilares %

poster iores-------------------------------- 101 Oltimos dientes maxilares con surcos (Fig. 5)-- ------------------------------------- Ditaxodon

101.Sin diastema en hilera de dientes maxilares-102

Con diastema--------------------------- Lygophis 102.Hemipene simple, apice capitado------- Rhadinaea Hemipene bifurcado, a4pice discado------- Liophis 103.Dientes maxilares posteriores con surcos (Fig. 9 ) mene n rrr nnn nr rrr 104 Sin dientes con surcos---------------------- 112 104.Con fosetas apicales (Fig. 7)--------------- 105 Sin fosetas apicales (Fig. 6)--------------- 110 105.Dientes mandibulares anteriores son los mas largos------------------------------------- 106 Todos los dientes mandibulares aproximadamente iguales------------------------- === === --=- 108

106.Colmillo maxilar mas bien chico, débil; dientes

maxilares usualmente mas de diez (en unas especies de Tachymenis nada mas que seis)--107 Colmillo maxilar grande, fuerte; dientes maxilares 6-8-------------------- Pseudotomodon

107.Pupila redonda; dientes pterygoideos 20-24, se

extienden anteriormente mas alld de la articu- lacién del pterygoides con ectopterygoides---- rrr rrr nnn Gomesophis Pupila vertical; dientes pterygoideos menos de 20, no se extienden anteriormente mas alla de la articulacién del pterygoides con ectoptery-

go i des------------------------------ Tachymenis

108.Mas de diez dientes maxilares anteriores a dos

ditentesagrandados=—<——-———=—— == == = a 109 Menos de diez dientes maxilares anteriores a dos dientes agrandados, maxilar puede ser com- pletamente desdentado excepto por dientes agrandados, como colmillos (Fig, 5)----Lomodon

109.Pupila redonda----------------------- Philodryas

Pupila vertical------------------ Thamnodynastes

9

GENERIC KEY

110.Head and anterior part of body not longitudi- nally striped------------------------------ Tart:

Head and anterior part of body with very pro- nounced, strongly contrasting stripes---------

Sag sa a ad ee Conophis 111.Mandibular teeth subequal-------- Thamnodynastes Anterior mandibular teeth longest-------------- aaa al Tachymenis 112.Dorsal scale rows 19 at midbody------------- as Dorsal seale rows 17 at midbody-----------—— 114 113.Hemipenis single, capitate tip-------- Rhadinaea Hemipenis bifurcate, tip normal-------- Oromicus 114.Small presubocular below preocular---------- 105

No presubocular below preocular----------------

115.Ventrals more than 180-------------- Masticophis Ventrals fewer than 180----------------- Coluber

Parietal in contact with labials--------------- aaa Paroxyrhopus 118.Scale rows at midbody 17 or more------------ 120 Scale rows at midbody fewer than ]17------------ ------------------------------------------- 119 119.Body strongly compressed----------------- Dipsas Body cylindrical------------------ Sibynomorphus 120.Dorsals at midbody 19 or more--------------- 127 Borgel is pete NCL Dai 121.Body striped----------=--~-<=---====---=<=== 122 Body not striped---------------------------- 123 122.Ventrals more than 175----------- Thamnodynastes Ventrals fewer than 1/5------------- Leptodrymus 1236 MentalgnoovVe preseNt=—————— mae 124 Mental groove absent (Fig. 8}------------ Dipsas 124.Posterior maxillary teeth grooved----------- 126 Posterior maxillary teeth not grooved------- 125 125.Ventrals more than 180--------------- Drymarchon Ventrals fewer than 180-------------- Drymoluber 126.Subcaudals single--------------------- Pseudoboa Subcaudals paired------------------------ Clelia 127.Rostral normal -------=---------------------=~ 128 Rostral tip turned up into sharp point--------- ------------------------------------- Phimophis T8.Antertor temporal single———-=——--——————————— 129 More than one anterior temporal------------- 131

368-492 O—70——2

110.Cabeza y parte anterior del cuerpo no rayada longi tudinalmente-------------------------- Ly: Cabeza y parte anterior del cuerpo con rayas muy pronunciadaSy, quecontrastan intensamente--

srr rrr nn nnn nnn nnn nnn nee Conophis

aaa aaa aed Thamnodynastes Dientes mandibulares anteriores son los mas

LANE IRIS = SR So aa Ss Tachymenis 112.Hileras de escamas del medio cuerpo 19------ 13 Hileras de escamas del medio cuerpo 17------ 114 113.Hemipene simple, Apice capi tado------- Rhadinaea Hemipene bifurcado, apice normal------- Dromicus

114.Con presubocular chico debajo del preocular----

Se a Be Se SS ED DL 115

Sin presubocular debajo del preocular---------- wr nn nn sn nnn se === Mastigodryas 115.Ventrales mas de 180---------------- Masticophis Ventrales menos de 180---------~--------- Coluber 116.Region temporal cubierta de escamas chicas----- ao - nn nn - Ungaliophis

INGE OMOe ee ctiE Cpt Ip emer alaly/

Sg N 118

SSE SS SS Sc SS Se SSS 120 Hileras de escamas del medio cuerpo menos de 17 ST ese oe tae 11g 119.Cuerpo fuertemente comprimido------------ Dipsas Cuerpo cilfndrico----------------- Si bynomorphus 120.Dorsales del medio cuerpo 19 0 mas---------- 127 Dorsales del medio cuerpo 1]7---------------- 121 121.Cuerpo rayado------------------------------- 122 Cuerpo no rayado---------------------------- 123 122,Ventrales mas de 175------------- Thamnodynastes Ventrales menos de 175-------------- Leptodrymus 123.Con surco mental------=---—-=—-———~===—--~~=—— 124 Sin surco mental (Fig. 8)---------------- Dipsas 124.Dientes maxilares posteriores acanalados----~--- ------------------------------------------- 126

Dientes maxilares posteriores no acanalados-125

125.Ventrales mas de 180----------------- Orymarchon Ventrales menos de 180--------------- Drymoluber 126.Subcaudales de a una------------------ Pseudoboa Subcaudales en pares--------------------- Clelia 127.Rostral normal ---------------------------=== 128

Apice de la rostral se levanta formando una PUT AUR Ul ee Phimophis 128.Temporal anterior Gnica--------------------- 129 Mas de una temporal anterior---------------- 131

10

te EE eee

GENERIC KEY

See

129.Last maxillary teeth enlarged, not grooved;

diastema present (Fig. 4)------------------ 130 Not as above-------------------------- Ox yrhopus

130.Apical pits absent on dorsal scales------------

a ee ee ae Paroxyrhopus

Apical: piltsupresent===——=—-— o-oo ee Xenodon 131.O0ne or more labials enter orbit------------- 132 Row of suboculars separates all labials from

OVD i ee Cyclagras 192\Body\pattern of ‘complete: riings=----s=—— > Ka

re ee re eee a 134

Not as above-----------------------=-------- 138 134.Vertebral scales about same size as scales in

pabaverteDral OWS ——_—a— een 135 Scales in vertebral row distinctly larger than

paravertebral row scales----------- Tripanurgos

135.All subcaudals paired or mixed, with some single

single, most paired------------------------ 136 Subeaudals all single----------------- Pseudoboa

136.Anterior mandibular teeth somewhat enlarged,

but length decreases gradually posteriorly-137 Third to fifth anterior mandibular teeth very much enlarged, contrasting sharply with other mandibular teeth-------------------- Siphlophis

137.-Color pattern usually of dark and light cross-

bands which do not extend across venter------

Juvenile color pattern of dark head and light collar, with variable pattern on rest of body but never with regular crossbands, adults usually melanistic, obscuring all juvenile pattemnq----=--$<-----9 9-9-9 - 99 ---- === - Clelia

Dorsal scale rows at midbody more than 24------ Sp ie a SS SS SS ERS Rhachedelis

aaa aaa Pseustes Apical pits absent---------------- Hydrodynastes 140.Anal single--------------------------------- 152 Anal divided-------------------------------- 141 141.Dorsal scale rows at midbody more than 17------ ------------------------------------------- 142 Dorsal scale rows at midbody 17 or fewer------- Se 146 142.Apical pits present on dorsal scales(Fig. 7)--- as 5 Sa eS oe ee ee ee = S=—=— 144 Apical pits absent (Fig. 6)----------------- 143

129.Ultimos dientes maxilares agrandados, no acana-

lados; con diastema (Fig. 4)--------------- 130

No como el anterior------------------- Oxyrhopus 130.Sin fosetas apicales en escamas dorsales------- SS nn ea Paroxyrhopus

Gon ‘fosetasvapiicalles—-—— === === Xenodon 131.Una o mas labiales entra la 6rbita---------- 132 Hilera de soboculares separa todas las labiales

de la 6rbita------------------------- Cyclagras 132.Disefio del cuerpo con anillos completos--------

ee ee a ee ee Lampropeltis Disefio del cuerpo sin anillos completos----- 133

133.Dientes maxilares posteriores con surcos (Fig.

134.Escamas vertebrales aproximadamente del mismo

tamafio que escamas de hileras paravertebrales- Sag ee a 135 Escamas de hilera vertebral mucho mayores que escamas de hileras paravertebrales------------

a a Tripanurgos 135.Todas las subcaudales en pares 0 mezcladas,

algunas de a una, la mayorta DaGes——— a 136

Subcaudales todas de a una------------ Pseudoboa

136.Dientes mandibulares alteriores algo agranda-

dos, la longitud decrece gradualmente hacia

PLO St © Te O00 ca mn a 137]. Tercero al quinto dientes mandibulares anteri- ores mucho mas grandes, en agudo contraste con los otros dientes mandibulares------ Siphlophis

137.Usualmente con disefio de bandas transversales

claras y oscuras que no se extienden a través del vientre-------------------------- Oxyrhopus Disefio de los juveniles de cabeza oscura y collar claro con disefo variable en el resto del cuerpo pero nunca con bandas transversales regulares, adultos usualmente melantsticos, eclipsando todo el disefio juvenil------- Clelia

138.Hileras de escamas dorsales del medio cuerpo

menos de 25---------~----------------------- 139 Hileras de escamas dorsales del medio cuerpo

mas de 24-------------------------- Rhachedelis

139.Con fosetas apicales en escamas dorsales-------

on no en enn nnn Pseustes

Sin fosetas apicales-------------- Hydrodynastes

140.Anal Gnica---------------------------------- 152

Anal, “diiiviiidii\da—-----—--=-— --— =~ = 141 141.Hileras de escamas dorsales del medio cuerpo

mas de ]]---------------------------------- 142

Hileras de escamas dorsales del medio cuerpo 17

0 M@N0S====— == === ~~ nn nnn nnn 146

] )---- 22-22-0200 20-20-2222 0-2-2222 --- 144

Ll

a cae EtEtEEEEIEEISESSEESnI SSIS SSSI SSE SSSnSSSEn nS

143.Two internasals; usually single anterior

kempord l—=—===————— = Tretanorhinus Single internasal; usually but not always more than one anterior temporal------------ Helicops 144.Body pattern of complete rings----------------- ann nr rrr enna Rhinobothryum EXC yg tC ES DY) Sa 145 145.Ventrals 160 or more----------------- Philodryas Ventrals fewer than 160---------- Thamnodynastes 146.Dorsal scale rows at midbody 17------------- 147 Dorsal scale rows at midbody fewer than 17----- a a a 164 AUPE fe Ere (SEW 8) SSC a le a 148 Loreal absent--~----------------------- Oxybelis TAGs Ventral sumone than. | jp == 149 Ventrals<fewer than: 135---—--—==———— == LST

149.Posterior maxillary teeth grooved (Fig. 5)--150 Posterior maxillary teeth not grooved----------

ann nnn nnn nnn nnn Thamnodynastes Dorsum unicolor-—---—--—-=====—-=—~= === Philodryas

151.Diastema on maxillary absent (Fig. 3) ~--------- a Paraptychophis

Diastema on maxillary present (Fig. 4) ---------

--------- = - 5-2 nnn nnn Ptychophis 152.Prefrontals fused or replaced by many small

SCA CS =n nn 153

Prefrontals normal-------------------------- 156 153.Subcaudals in pairs------------------------- 154

Subcaudalis singles=s=————=———=— === Trachyboa 154.Scale rows 25 or more----------------- Nothopsis

Scale rows fewer than 25-------------------- 155

156.Dorsal scale rows more than 15-------------- 157 Dorsal scale rows 15------------------------ 164 L57-Dorsal ‘scale irows more than 1 /—-----—-—————— 158 Dorsal scale rows 1] 7-------------- Dendrophidion MS BeDonsale Scale WOW Sig mmm mere cee 159 Dorsal scale rows more than 19-------------- 160

159.Vertebral scales with single keel----Ihamnophis Vertebral scales with two keels---Diaphorolepis

160.Subcaudals in pairs------------------------- 161 Subeaudals single------------------- Tropidophis 161.Loreal plate present------------------------ 162

Loreal plate absent-------------------- Pseustes

GENERIC KEY

143.Dos internasales; usualmente temporal anterior

A Tretanorhinus Internasal Unica; usualmente, pero no siempre mas de una temporal anterior---------- Helicops

144,Disefio del cuerpo de anillos completos--------- aaa Rhinobothryum

CWerporsi nan los=——-=—-=— —-- =e 145 145.Ventrales 160 0 mas------------------ Philodryas Ventrales menos de 160----------- Thamnodynastes 146.Hileras de escamas dorsales del medio cuerpo 17 ------------------------------------------- 147 Hileras de escamas dorsales del medio cuerpo IDC ae 164 BLESS at 148 Sin loreal ----------------------------- Oxybelis 148.Ventrales mas de 135------------------------ 149 Ventrales menos, de 135------==-=---=-------= 151 149,Dientes maxilares posteriores acanalados (Fig. Daan nn nanan nnn nnn nnn nnn nnn nnn nnn nnn 150 Dientes maxilares posteriores no acanalados---- a--------- 7-2 ----- == orn nnn Drymobius

wr renner Thamnodynastes Dorso! Unico lopss=s==——— a == = Philodryas

151.Sin diastema en maxilar (Fig. 3)--------------- a eee Paraptychophis Con diastema en maxilar (Fig. 4)-----Ptychophis

152.Prefrontales fusionados o reemplazados por mu-

Fe Spe elie i NAN CS 153 Pires fate OMe sd Se C00 FIT EN es a 156 P53ecubcaudales en pares-=------———----——~—__-——_ 154 Subcaudales Gnicas-------------------- Trachyboa 154.Hileras de escamas 25 0 mas----------- Nothopsis Hileras de escamas menos de 25------------—- 155

155.Una quilla en cada escama de hilera vertebral--

-------------------------------------- Synophis Dos quillas en cada escama de hilera vertebral-

SS a nn = Diaphorolepis

156.Hileras de escamas dorsales mas de 15------- 157 Hileras de escamas dorsales ]15-------------- 164 157-Hileras de escamas dorsales mas de 17------- 158

Hileras de escamas dorsales 17----Dendrophidion

158.Hileras de escamas dorsales 19-------------- 159 Hileras de escamas dorsales mas de 19------- 160

159.Escamas vertebrales con una quilla---Thamnophis Escamas vertebrales con dos quillas------------

---------------------------- $= Diaphorolepis 160.Subcaudales pares--------------------------- 161 Subcaudales de a una---------------- Tropidophis 161.Con lamina loreal--------------------------- 162 Sin l4mina loreal---------------------- Pseustes

12

oe

GENERIC KEY

162.Dorsal scale rows fewer than 27------------- 163 Dorsal scale rows 27 or more---------- Pituophis 163. Ventrals fewer than 175-=--=-==—===== Thamnophis Ventrals more than U75==-------—-=—-—=— Pseustes

164.Posteriormost maxillary teeth enlarged but WinthoUk GnOOV GS ——————— Leptophis Posteriormost maxillary teeth not or slightly enlarged, with groove present but located

laterally: on, tooth==———-==-=—=--—— Oxybelis_ 165.Area behind eye covered by many small scales--- wn nnn ern rn nnn nena 166 Area behind eye covered by several large plates SESS SSS SSS SSS SSE STS ES DSN TSS RSIS Elaphe 166.Deep sensory pits in most if not all upper labials------------------------------------ 171 No sensory pits in labials------------------ 167 167-Subcaudals single--------------------------- 168 Subcaudals paired--------------------- Loxocemus 168.Scales smooth------------------------------- 163 Some or all scales keeled------------- Trachyboa

169.Dorsum of head with some enlarged plates----170 Dorsum of head covered by small scales, no enlarged plates on snout=------------------- Boa

170.No shields posterior to paired internasals and paired prefrontals; body scale rows more than 40---------------------------------- Epigcrates Dorsum of head with regular plates, including azygous prefrontal, frontal and parietal;

scale rows fewer than 40---------- Ungaliophis 171.Midbody scale rows fewer than 36------- Xenoboa Midbody scale rows more than 36------------ 172

Fig. 12. Corallus, lateral view of snout

172.Loreal plate absent (Fig. 12); usually more than 50 scale rows at midbody; usually more than 65 subcaudals-------------------- Corallus Loreal plate present (Fig.13 ); than 52 scale rows at midbody;

usually fewer usually fewer

than 66 subcaudals------------------- Epicrates 173.Tail not compressed------------------------- 174 Tail compressed, oarlike---------------- Pelamis

162.Hileras de escamas dorsales menos de 27----- 163 Hileras de escamas dorsales 27 0 mas--Pituophis

163. Ventralessmenos de li/jq————=—————— Thamnophis Ventrales mas de 175------------------- Pseustes

164.Dientes maxilares posteriores agrandados pero STII SUL C0 Sm Leptophis Dientes maxilares posteriores no o ligeramente agrandados, con surco situado a lateral del

diente-------------------------------- Oxybelis 165.Area detras del ojo cubierta de muchas escamas ch icas------------------------------------- 166 Area detras del ojo cubierta de varias laminas QA OCS eee Elaphe 166.Fosetas sensoriales profundas en la mayorta o en todas las labiales superiores----------- i7l Sin fosetas sensoriales en labiales--------- 167 167.Subcaudales de a una------------------------ 168 Subcaudales en pares------------------ Loxocemus 168.Escamas 1isas------------------------------- 169 Algunas o todas las escamas quilladas---------- iaicaliaicainaiinai a iesinnaiiaiaaiaaaiiaiaaaiaiaaaiiiadadaimimimimiminaial Trachyboa 169.Dorso de la cabeza con algunas laminas aggandadas==—=={—--—- = === === = 170 Dorso de la cabeza cubierto de pequenas escamas sin laminas agrandadas en el hocico-------- Boa

170.Sin escudos a posterior de internasales pares y prefrontales pares; hileras de escamas mas de 40----------------------------------- Epicrates

Dorso de la cabeza con laminas regulares, in- cluyendo prefrontal, frontal y parietal

azygos; hileras de escamas menos de 40-------- a Ungaliophis 17l.Hileras de escamas menos de 36---------- Xenoboa Hileras de escamas mas de 36---------------- 172

Fig. 13. Epicrates, lateral view of snout

172.Sin lémina loreal (Fig. 12); usualmente mas de 50 hileras de escamas en el medio cuerpo; usualmente mas de 65 subcaudales-------------- -------------------------------------- Corallus Con ldmina loreal (Fig. 13); usualmente menos de 52 hileras de escamas en el medio cuerpo; usualmente menos de 66 subcaudales------------

SSSA SSS SSS Se SS SSS SES Epicrates

173-Cola no comprimida-------------------------- 174 Cola comprimida, en forma de remo--------------

13

a

GENERIC KEY

174.Ventrals feebly enlarged but recognizably

distinct from dorsals--------------------- AS Ventrals same size as dorsalis-=--------———— 176 175.Body pattern of complete rings---------- Anilius No rings enciireliing body==----=----— ~--Eunectes 176.Body scale rows 15 or more------------------ 177 BodivigsGal CmmOWSI 4 ~~ aoa aoa Leptotyphlops

?

Fig. 14. Anomalepis

Figs. 14-18. Dorsum of head in genera of worm snakes.

zo

<7 gos:

174.Ventrales ligeramente agrandadas pero reconociblemente distintas de dorsales----- 175 Ventrales de igual tamafio que dorsales------ 176

175.Disefio del cuerpo de anillos completos--Anilius

Sin anillos alrededor del cuerpo------- Eunectes 176.Hileras de escamas 15 0 mas--~--------------- 177 Hileras de escamas 14------------- Leptotyphlops

y oS

Fig. 17. Fig. 18. Helminthophis Liotyphlops

Figs. 14-17 from Jan and Sordelli, Icon.

Gén. Ophid., various dates; Fig. 18 from Boulenger, 1893.

Fig. 19. Lateral view of head in Typhlops, showing fusion of nasal and prefrontal, from Jan and Sor- delli.

177.Scales on dorsum of head behind rostral highly modified, usually similar in appearance to body scales; although larger-------————-—=— 178 Pair of polygonal prefrontals in contact on midline behind rostral, followed by pentagonal frontal (Fig. 14)------------------- Anomalepis

178.Head with plates larger than scales of body-179 Head covered with small scales indistinguish- able from those of body (Fig. 15)----Iyphlophis

179.Prefrontals present above nasals (Fig. 20), in Contact with frontal—--=—-—------—~~————=——— 180 Prefrontals absent, fused with nasals (Fig. 19), which contact frontal behind rostral

(Fig. 16) wn nnn nnn nr rrr rrr T phlo s 180.Prefrontals in contact behind rostral, separat- ing latter from frontal (Fig. 17)------------- Saal ar Helminthophis

Rostral in contact with frontal, preventing contact between prefrontals on dorsum of head

(Fig. 18)-------------------------- Liotyphlops

Fig. 20. Lateral view of head in Helminthophis, with nasal and pre- frontal distinct, from Jan and Sordelli.

177.Escamas del dorso de la cabeza detrads del rostral muy modificados, usualmente de aspecto similar a las del cuerpo, pero mas grandes-178 Par de prefrontales poligonales en contacto en la lfnea media detras del rostral, seguidas de frontal pentagonal (Fig. 14)-------- Anomalepis

178.Cabeza con laminas mas grandes que las escamas del. cWlerpo-——--=-=-—--————--_____--______--— w79 Cabeza cubierta de escamas chicas indiferen- ciadas de las del cuerpo (Fig. 15)--Lyphlophis

179.Con prefrontales encima de nasales (Fig. 20), en contacto con frontal—--<--------------== 180 Sin prefrontales, fusionadas con nasal (Fig. 19), la cual contact con frontal detrds de la

rostral (Fig. 16)--------------------- Typhlops

180.Prefrontales en contacto detras de rostral, separando a ésta de la rostral (Fig. 17)------ wn nnn nnn Helminthophis Rostral en contacto con prefrontal, impidiendo el contacto entre yeas sur el dorso de

la cabeza (Fig. 18)---------------- Liotyphlops

14

ne EE ee ee eee

GENERIC KEY

ee

LPBLolhip of tail Awithoubprakiles oa — == 182 Tip of tail with rattle---------------- Crotalus 182.Posterior subcaudals finely divided------------ SSR RSS Ss aa Sater Seater eae ates Lachesis Posterior subcaudals normal-------------=--- 183

183.Dorsum of head posteriorly with large, regular

plates----------------------------- Agkistrodon Dorsum of head covered posteriorly by small, irregular scales--------------------=- Bothrops

181.Punta de la cola sin cascabel--------------- 182 Punta de la cola con cascabel---------- Crotalus

182.Subcaudales posteriores finamente divididas---- es == Lachesis Subcaudales posteriores normales------------ 183

183.Parte dorsal posterior de la cabeza con laminas regulares, grandes----------------- Agkistrodon Parte dorsal posterior de la cabeza cubierta de escamas irregulares, chicas----------- Bothrops

iS REPTILIA: SERPENTES: COLUBRIDAE kK * ADELPHICOS

ADELPHICOS Jan

1862 Adelphicos Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Fis., 2: 18. Type-species: Adelphicos guadrivirgatum Jan. 1866 Rhegnops Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866: 128. Type-species: Rhegnops visoninus Cope.

Distribution: Atlantic slopes from central Honduras through British Honduras (apparently not in Yucatén) to central Veracruz; on Pacific slopes from central Guatemala to central Oaxaca; interior

valleys of Guatemala and Chiapas.

Content: Two species.

Key to the species Clave de especies

l. Third infralabial nearly as broad as long, sub- l. Tercera infralabial aproximadamente tan ancha equal in size to second; chinshields not como larga, de tamafio subigual a la segunda; greatly expanded toward lip (Fig. 1)---------- escudos mentales no expandidos notablemente porn veraepacis hacia el borde labial (Fig. 1)------veraepacis Third infralabial absent, or greatly reduced in Tercera infralabial ausente o muy reducida en size and confined to labial border; chin- tamafio y confinada al borde labial; escudos shields greatly expanded toward lip (Figs. mentales muy expandidos hacia el borde labial 2-3) ---------------------------- quadrivirgatus (Figs. 2=3)) wo ------------------- quadrivirgatus

(Fig. 1) (Fig. 2) (Fig. 3)

Figs. 1-3. Arrangement of scales on chin of Adelphicos (adapted from Smith, 1942).

ADELPHICOS QUADRIVIRGATUS Jan 1862 Adelphicos guadrivirgatum Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat."Fis., 2: 18, pl. 8. Type-locality: "Mexico". Distribution: Chiapas, Mexico through British Honduras to Guatemala.

Content: Three subspecies, one (quadrivirgatus Jan) extralimital.

Key to the subspecies Clave de subespecies 1. Third infralabial absent; chinshields bor- l. Tercera infralabial ausente; escudos men- dering lip (Fig. 2); belly not or slightly tales formando el labio (Fig. 2); vientre pigmented--------------------------- sargii sin 0 con muy poca pigmentacion (Fig. 2)-- Very narrow third infralabial separates 9 ----W--n--n 2-2 n-ne nnn een ---- === sargii chinshield from lip (Fig. 3); belive tre— Una tercera infralabial muy angosta separa quently heavily pigmented-------- visoninus los escudos mentales del labio (Fig. 3);

vientre frecuentement muy pigmentado------ ee visoninus Adelphicos guadrivirgatus sargii (Fischer)

1885 Rhegnops sargii Fischer, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst., 2: 92. Type-locality: Guatemala. 1887 Adelphicos sargii—Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 32: 85. 1942 Adelphicos quadrivirgatus sargii—Smith, Proc. Rochester Acad. Sci., 8: 192.

Distribution: Foothills on Pacific slopes from southern Chiapas to central Guatemala.

16 ADELPHICOS

Adelphicos guadrivirgatus visoninus (Cope) 1866 Rhegnops visoninus Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866: 128. Type-locality: Honduras. 1887 Adelphicos visoninus—Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 32: 85. 1942 Adelphicos quadrivirgatus visoninus—Smith, Proc. Rochester Acad. Sci., 8: 186. Distribution: Foothills on Atlantic slopes from Tabasco, Mexico, south and east to central Honduras.

ADELPHICOS VERAEPACIS Stuart

1941 Adelphicos veraepacis Stuart, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 452: 5. Type-locality: Finca Samac, 7 km west of Coban, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala.

Distribution: Alta Verapaz, Guatemala and San Cristobal, Mexico.

Content: Three subspecies, two (latifasciatus Lynch and Smith and nigrilatus Smith) extralimital.

Adelphicos veraepacis veraepacis Stuart 1942 Adelphicos veraepacis veraepacis—Smith, Proc. Rochester Acad. Sci., 8: 180.

Distribution: Intermediate elevations of Alta Verapaz and Sierra de los Cuchumatanes of Guatemala.

17 REPTILIA: SERPENTES: CROTALIDAE kK * AGK ISTRODON

Prepared by Howard K. Gloyd, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona

AGKISTRODON Palisot de Beauvois

1799 Agkistrodon Palisot de Beauvois, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., 4: 381. Type-species: Agkistrodon mokasen Palisot de Beauvois.

1799 Agkishodon Palisot de Beauvois (typographical error), Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., 4: 370.

1802 Scytale Latreille, in Sonnini and Latreille, Hist. Nat. Rept., 3: 158. Type-species: Boa contortrix Linnaeus.

1803 Cenchris Daudin, Hist. Nat. Rept., 5: 356. Type-species: Cenchris mokeson Daudin.

1819 Scytalus Rafinesque (emendation of Scytale Latreille), Amer. Jour. Scisy 1: 84.

1826 Tisiphone Fitzinger, Neue Classification der Reptilien: 34. Type-species: Jisiphone cuprea Fitzinger.

1830 Ancistrodon Wagler (emendation of Agkistrodon Palisot de Beauvois), Nat. Syst. Amphib.: 176.

1836 Acontias Troost (preoccupied by Acontias Cuvier, 1829), Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, 3: 176. Type-species: Acontias leucostoma Troost.

1836 Toxicophis Troost (substitute name for Acontias Troost, 1836), Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, 3: Ol

1843 Hypnale Fitzinger, Systema Reptilium: 28. Type-species: Cophias hypnale Merrem.

1849 Halys Gray, Cat. Sn. Brit. Muse: 14. Type-species: Trigonocephalus halys Boie.

Distribution: Central and southern Asia south of 54th Parallel, from Caspian Sea to and including Sakhalin, Japan and islands to south, and Taiwan (but not Hainan); south to northern Iran, Peninsular India and Ceylon, and Tonkin (North Vietnam). United States from southeastern Nebraska and southeastern lowa southwest to Trans-Pecos Texas and south to Gulf of Mexico near Corpus Christi Bay and northern Florida, northeast to Massachusetts; Mexico and Central America, from southern Sonora and Nuevo Leon south to Yucatan, Guatemala, and Pacific Coast of Nicaragua.

Content: Approximately eleven species; about eight in Asia and three in New World, of which all but one are extralimital.

AGKISTRODON BILINEATUS (Giinther)

1863 Ancistrodon bilineatus Giinther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (3) 12: 364. Type-locality: Pacific coast of Guatemala.

1899 Agkistrodon bilineatys—Stejneger, North American Fauna, 14: 71.

1943 Agkistrodon bilineatus—Gloyd and Conant, Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., 7: 163, figs. 4, 11-12.

Distribution: Tamaulipas, Mexico on Atlantic slope and southern Sonora on Pacific slope to Nicaragua. Records in British Honduras have been questioned by Allen and Neill, Herpetologica,

15, 1959, 229.

Content: Two subspecies, one of which (taylori Burger and Robertson) is extralimital.

Agkistrodon bilineatus bilineatus (Gtinther)

1951 Agkistrodon bilineatus bilineatus—Burger and Robertson, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 34: 214, Dilereo>. tlie oe

Distribution: Nicaragua, Guatemala, and possibly British Honduras to southern Sonora on Pacific slope and to Campeche and Yucatan Peninsula on Atlantic slope of Mexico; Tres Marias Islands.

18 REPTILIA: SERPENTES: COLUBRIDAE kkk AMASTRIDIUM

Prepared by Larry David Wilson, University of Southwestern Louisiana, Lafayette, Louisiana

AMASTRIDIUM Cope

1861 Amastridium Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860: 370. Type-species: Amastridium veliferum Cope.

1898 Fleischmannia Boettger, Katalog der Reptilien-Sammlung im Museum der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Frankfurt am Main, 2: 69. Type-species: Fleischmannia obscura Boettger.

1903 Mimometopon Werner, Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wisse, 22: 349, pl. 1, figs. 3-5. Type-species:

Mimometopon sapperi Werner. 1905 Phrydops Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, (7) 15: 453. Type-species: Phrydops melas Boulenger.

Distribution: As for single known species.

Content: One species.

AMASTRIDIUM VELIFERUM Cope

1861 Amastridium veliferum Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860: 370. Type-locality: Cocuyas de Veraguas, N. Grenada, which is Cocuyas, Panama.

1898 Fleischmannia obscura Boettger, Katalog der Reptilien-Sammlung im Museum der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Frankfurt am Main, 2: 69. Type-locality: San José, Costa Rica.

1903 Mimometopon sapperi Werner, Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wisse, 22: 349, pl. 1, figs. 3-5. Type-locality: Guatemala.

1905 Phrydops melas Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7) 15: 454. Type-locality: Cariblanco, Costa Rica.

1925 Amastridium sapperi—Dunn, Proc. U.S. Nat. Muse, 65: l. 1931 Phydrops | sic] melas—Dunn, Copeia, 1931: 163. Distribution: Atlantic and Pacific slopes from Nuevo Leon and Chiapas, Mexico, through Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama.

19 REPTILIA: SERPENTES: ANILIIDAE KK * ANILIUS

ANILIUS Oken

1811 Tortrix Oppel (preoccupied by Tortrix Denis and Schiffermiller, 1775), Die Ordnungen, Familien, und Gattungen der Reptilien: 55. Type-species: None indicated.

1816 Anilius Oken, Lehrb. Naturgesch., 3: 283. Type-species: Anguis scytale Linnaeus.

1820 Elysia Hemprich (new name for Tortrix Oppel, preoccupied by Elysia Risso, 1818), Grundriss der Naturgeschichte, 1820: 119.

1820 Helison Goldfuss (new name for Tortrix Oppel, 1811), Handbuch der Zoologie, 2: 146.

1823 llysia Lichtenstein (emendation of Elysia Hemprich), Verzeichniss der Doubletten des Zoologischen Museums der Kénigl. Universitat zu Berlin: 104.

1825 Torquatrix Haworth (new name for Tortrix Oppel), Phil. Mags, 65: table opposite p. 372.

1833 lllisia Schinz (emendation of llysia Lichtenstein), Naturgeschichte und Abbildungen der Reptilien: 131.

1844 Anileus Agassiz (emendation of Anilius Oken), Nomenclatoris Zoologici Index Universalis: 23.

Distribution: As for single species.

Content: One species.

ANILIUS SCYTALE (Linnaeus)

1758 Anguis Scytale Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, Ed. 10: 228. Type-locality: "Indiis". 1816 Anilius scytale—Oken, Lehrb. Naturgesch., 3: 283.

Distribution: Guianas; northern Brazil; Venezuela; Amazonian drainage of Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.

Content: Two subspecies.

Key to the subspecies Clave de subespecies 1. Ventrals fewer than 225; black bands 1. Ventrales menos de 225; bandas transversas broader thant ned=—————=—— phelpsorum negras mas anchas que las rojas-phelpsorum Ventrals more than 225; black bands Ventrales mas de 225; bandas transversas NGG OWE ee Lie ys CC man ree ee scytale negras mds angostas que las rojas--scytale

Anilius scytale scytale (Linnaeus)

1768 Anguis annulata Laurenti, Synopsin Reptilium: 69. Type-locality: None given. 1768 Anguis fasciata Laurenti, Synopsin Reptilium: 70. Type-locality: None given. 1768 Anguis caerulea Laurenti, Synopsin Reptilium: 71. Type-locality: Surinam. 1768 Anguis corallina Laurenti, Synopsin Reptilium: 71. Type-locality: Brazil. 1768 Anguis atra Laurenti, Synopsin Reptilium: 71. Type-locality: Ceylon.

1958 A.| nilius| scytale [scytale|—Roze, Acta Biol. Venezuélica, 2: 261.

Distribution: Amazonian Peru, Ecuador and Colombia; northern Brazil; Guianas; southeastern Venezuela. Anilius scytale phelpsorum Roze

1958 Anilius scytale phelpsorum Roze, Acta Biol. Venezuélica, 2: 258. Type-locality: Auyantepui, Estado Bolfvar, Venezuela.

Distribution: Eastern and southern Venezuela.

20 REPTILIA: SERPENTES: ANOMALEP ID IDAE kK * ANOMALEPIS

ANOMALEPIS Jan 1860 Anomalepis Jan, !con. Gén. Ophid., Livr. 1: pl. 5, fige 13; ple 6, fig. 1. Type-species: Anomalepis mexicanus Jan. 1893 Anomalolepis Gunther (substitute name for Anomalepis Jan), Biol. Cent. Amer., Rept.: 87.

Distribution: Mexico through Central America to Peru and Ecuador.

Content: Four species.

Key to the species Clave de especies 1. Head and tip of tail browne------------------- 2 1. Cabeza y porcién terminal de la cola pardos=--2 Head and tip of tail yellowish white--------=-- Cabeza y porcién terminal de la cola blanco err --------------------------------- flavapices amarillentos------------------------ flavapices a 2. Dorsal scales at midbody in more than 22 rows; 2. Escamas dorsales en el medio cuerpo mds de 22 more than 300 dorsals from head to tip of filas; mds de 300 dorsales totales=---------- 3 tail----------------------------------------- 3 Escamas dorsales en el medio cuerpo en 22 Dorsal scales at midbody in 22 rows; less than filas; menos de 300 dorsales totales---------- 300 dorsals from head to tip of taile--------- - =------------------------------------ mexicanus en en ne ee ee aaa mexicanus 3. Escamas dorsales en el medio del cuerpo 24-26 3. Dorsal scales at midbody in 24-26 rows; less filas; menos de 350 dorsales (320-343) -------- than 350 total dorsals (320-343)----- aspinosuS = ==--~--------------------------------- aspinosus Dorsal scales in 28 rows at midbody; total Escamas dorsales en el medio del cuerpo en 28 dorsals 365--------------------------- colombia filas; dorsales totales 365----------- colombia

ANOMALEPIS ASPINOSUS Taylor

1939 Anomalepis aspinosus Taylor, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 17: 92, pl. 5, figs. 5-7. Type- locality: Perico, Peru.

Distribution: Known only from type locality.

ANOMALEPIS COLOMBIA Marx

1953 Anomalepis colombia Marx, Fieldiana: Zool., 34: 197. Type-locality: La Selva, Pueblo Rico, Department of Caldas, Colombia.

Distribution: Known only from type locality.

ANOMALEPIS FLAVAPICES Peters

1957 Anomalepis flavapices Peters, Amer. Mus. Novitates, 1851: 3. Type=locality: Esmeraldas, Esmeraldas Province, Ecuador. ‘

Distribution: Lowlands of northwestern Ecuador.

ANOMALEPIS MEXICANUS Jan

1861 Anomalepis mexicanus Jan, Icon. Gén. Ophid., Livr. 1: pl. 5, fig. 1, pl. 6, fig. 1. Type- locality: Mexico.

1939 Anomalepis dentatus Taylor, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 17: 90, pl. 5, figs. 1-3. Type-locality: Barro Colorado, Canal Zone, Panama.

Distribution: Known only from Mexico and Panama.

21

REPTILIA: SERPENTES: COLUBRIDAE

OSTOLEPIS Cope

AP.

9.

10.Five lower labials

1862 Apostolepis Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861: 524.

torquatus Duméril, Bibron and Duméril.

1869 Rhynchonyx Peters, Monats. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1869: 437.

Peters.

Distributions

Content: Fourteen species.

Key to the species Nasal in contact with preocular--------------- 2 Nasal not in contact with preocular----------- 4 One postocular--------------------------=----- 3 Two postoculars------------------------ coronata

Less than 35 subcaudals; four or five labials in contact with anterior pair of chinshields--

More than 45 subcaudals; four labials in con- tact with anterior pair of chinshields--------

a aaa a aaa longicaudata

Sixysupralabialis=---—=——————— = =~ 5 Five supralabials-------------------- goiasensis

Fifth and sixth upper labials in contact with

parietal------------------------------------- 8 Dorsal pattern other than five stripes-------- if Dorsal pattern with five stripes-------- rondoni Four lower labials in contact with anterior

chinshields--~--=-------------=-----= cearensis Five lower labials in contact with anterior

chinshields--------=------------------ assimilis NGWSHE TDs nC ORS ct eae 9 Dorsum striped------------------------------- 10 Without double row of ventral spotsr--------- 11

With double row of ventral spots----erythronota

in contact with anterior

chinshields-------------------------- ambiniger Four lower labials in contact with anterior chinshields-------------------------- dorbignyi 11.Three or four lower labials in contact with anterior chinshields---------------- intermedia Five lower labials in contact with anterior chinshields--------------------- nigroterminata 12.More than 230 ventrals----------------------- 13 Less than 230 ventrals----------- quinquelineata 13.Body striped; no black-bordered collar---------

EQS SSS SE SS SSCS SS SSS niceforoi Body not striped; black-bordered red collar aa flavotorquata

4.

10.

ll.

12.

13.

*

APOSTOLEPIS

Type-species: Elapomorphus flavo-

Type-species: Rhynchonyx ambiniger

Guyana and eastern Peru south to Argentinian, Paraguayan and Bolivian Chaco.

Clave de especies

Nasal contacta con la preocular--------------- 2 Nasal no contacta con la preocular------------ 4 Con una postocular---------------------------- 3 Con dos postoculares------------------- coronata

Menos de 35 escamas caudales; cuatro o cinco labiales en contacto con el par anterior de geneiales----------------------------------- 12

Mas de 45 escamas caudales; cuatro labiales en contacto con el par anterior de geneiales-----

aaa longicaudata

Con seis supralabiales------------------------ 5 Con cinco supralabiales-------------- goiasensis Unicamente la quinta supralabial contacta con la parietal---------------------------------- 6 Quinta y sexta supralabial en contacto con la parietal------------------------------------- 8 Sin disefio dorsal con cinco lfneas longitudi- nales---------------------------------------- 7 Disefio dorsal con cinco lfneas longitudinales-- warn nnn nnn nee -----------rondoni

Cuatro labiales inferiores en contacto con

geneiales anteriores----------------- cearensis Cinco labiales inferiores en contacto con geneiales anteriores----------------- assimilis Disefio dorsal no lineado---------------------- 9 Disefio dorsal lineado------------------------ 10 Sin doble hilera de manchas ventrales-------- 1l Con doble hilera de manchas-------------------- ooo --- = --- ------ 2 === erythronota Cinco labiales inferiores en contacto con geneiales anteriores----------------- ambiniger Cuatro labiales inferiores en contacto con geneiales anteriores----------------- dorbignyi Tres o cuatro labiales inferiores en contacto con geneiales anteriores------------ intermedia Cinco labiales inferiores en contacto con geneiales anteriores------------ nigroterminata Mas de 230 ventrales------------------------- 13 Menos de 230 ventrales----------- quinquelineata Disefio dorsal lineado; sin collar bordeado de negro-------------------------------- niceforoi

Disefio dorsal no lineado; con collar rojo bor- deado de negro------------------- flavotorquata

22

ees

APOSTOLEPIS

APOSTOLEPIS AMBINIGER (Peters)

1869 Rhynchonyx ambiniger Peters, Monats. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1869: 438, fige 2. Type-locality: Paraguay.

1887 Ri Yichanix ambiniger vittatus Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 24: 56. Type-locality: Mato Grosso, Brazil.

1896 Apostolepis ambinigra—Boulenger (unjustified emendation), Cat. Sn. Brit. Muse, 3: 237.

1927 Apostolepis tenuis Ruthven, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 188: 1. Type-locality: Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.

Distribution: Western Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay.

APOSTOLEPIS ASSIMILIS (Reinhardt)

1861 Elapomorphus assimilis Reinhardt, Vid. Meddel. Naturh. For. Kjébenhavn, 1860: 235, pl. 4, figs. 1-5. Type-locality: Minas Gerais, Brazil. 1896 Apostolepis assimilis—Boulenger, Cat. Sn. Brit. Mus., 3: 234.

Distribution: Central and southwestern Brazil, Argentinian Chaco.

APOSTOLEPIS CEARENSIS Gomes

1915 Apostolepis cearensis Gomes, Ann. Paulistas Med. Cirurge, 4: 122, pl. 3, figs. 4-8. Type- locality: Ceara, Brazil. 1925 Apostolepis amarali Werner, Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 134: 62. Type-locality: unknown.

Distribution: Northeastern Brazil.

APOSTOLEPIS CORONATA (Sauvage)

1877 Elapomorphus (Elapomorphus) coronatus Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Philom., (7) 1: 110. Type-locality: South America.

1896 Apostolepis coronata—Boulenger, Cat. Sn. Brit. Mus., 3: 233.

1903 Apostolepis Pymi Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Histey (7) 12: 353. Type-locality: Brazil.

Distribution: Known only from Teresépolis, Estado de Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

APOSTOLEPIS DORBIGNY! (Schlegel)

1837 Calamaria d'Orbignyi Schlegel, Essai Physion. Serpens, 2: 30. Type-locality: Chile. 1896 Apostolepis dorbignyi—Boulenger, Cat. Sn. Brit. Mus., 3: 236.

Distribution: Southwestern Brazil, Paraguay and Bolivia.

APOSTOLEPIS ERYTHRONOTA (Peters)

1880 Elapomorphus erythronotus Peters, Monats. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1880: 222. Type-locality: S&o Paulo, Brazil.

1887 Apostolepis erythronotus lineatus Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 24: 56. Type-locality: Mato Grosso, Brazil.

1897 Apostolepis nigriceps Werner, Sitze Akad. Wiss. Miinchen, 1897: 207. Type-locality: S&o Paulo, Brazil.

Distribution: Central and southwestern Brazil, northern Argentina and Paraguay.

APOSTOLEPIS FLAVOTORQUATA (Duméril, Bibron and Duméril)

1854 Elapomorphus flavo-torquatus Duméril, Bibron and Duméril, Erp. Gén., 8: 836. Type-locality: "Amérique Méridional".

1862 Apostolepis flavotorquata—Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861: 524.

1869 Elapomorphus nigrolineatus Peters, Monats. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1869: 439. Type-locality: Given as "Guinea", but assumed by Peters to be South America.

1924 Apostolepis sanctae-ritae Werner, Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 133: 43. Type-locality: Santa Rita, Brazil. (Probably Santa Rita do Araguaia, Estado de ies)

Distribution: Central Brazil.

23 APOSTOLEPIS

APOSTOLEPIS GOIASENSIS Prado

1942 Apostolepis goiasensis Prado, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 16: 7, pl. 1. Type-locality: Rio Verde, Goids, Brazil.

Distribution: Estado de Goids, Brazil.

APOSTOLEPIS INTERMEDIA Koslowsky

1898 Apostolepis intermedia Koslowsky, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 8: 30, pl. ly figs. 4-7. Type-locality: Mato Grosso, Brazil.

Distribution: Estado de Mato Grosso, Brazil.

APOSTOLEPIS LONGICAUDATA Gomes

1921 Apostolepis longicaudata Gomes, in Amaral, Ann. Paulistas Med. Cirurgey 9 (7-8): 3, ple A; figs. 4-7. Type-locality: Municipio de Santa Philomena, Estado de Piauhy, Brazil.

Distribution: Known only from type locality.

APOSTOLEPIS NICEFORO! Amaral

1935 Apostolepis niceforoi Amaral, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 9: 221, fig. 5. Type-locality: La Pedrera, Bajo Caquetd, Amazonasy Brazil.

Distribution: Known only from type-locality.

APOSTOLEPIS NIGROTERMINATA Boulenger

1896 Apostolepis nigroterminata Boulenger, Cat. Sn. Brit. Mus., 3: 235, pl. 10, fig. 2. Type-locality: Cayaria, Northeastern Peru.

1904 Apostolepis borellii Peracca, Bol. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Univ. Torino, 19 (460): 9. Type- locality: Urucum (probably Mato Grosso, Brazil).

Distribution: Eastern Peru, western Brazil.

APOSTOLEPIS QUINQUELINEATA Boulenger

1896 Apostolepis quinguelineata Boulenger, Cat. Sn. Brit. Muse, 3: 235, pl. 10, fig. 1. Type- locality: Demerara, Guyana.

Distribution: Guyana.

APOSTOLEPIS RONDONI Amaral

1925 Apostolepis Rondoni Amaral, Comm. L.T.E. Matto-Grosso-Amazonas, 84: 25, figs. 4-6. Type- locality: Mato Grosso, Brazil.

Distribution: Known only from the type locality.

24 REPTILIA: SERPENTES: COLUBRIDAE * ATRACTUS

ATRACTUS Wagler

1828 Atractus Wagler, Isis von Oken, 21: 741. Type-species: Atractus trilineatus Wagler.

1843 Urobrachys Fitzinger, Systema Reptilium: 24. Type-species: Brachyorrhos flammigerus Boie.

1858 lsoscelis Ginther, Cat. Sn. Brit. Muse: 204. Type-species: Jsoscelis maculata Gunther.

1910 Atractopsis Despax, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 16: 372. Type-species: Atractus (Atractopsis) paucidens Despax.

Distribution: Panama; South America as far south as Amazonian Bolivia and southern Brazil, east of Andes and northwestern Ecuador west of Andes; slopes and highlands of Andes in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.

Content: Approximately 70 species.

Comment: Atractus subbicinctum Jan is omitted from the data matrix below, because there was

insufficient information in the original description.

Matrix for Identification of Species Matriz para identificacién de especies

O=Unknown ACTUAL COUNTS l=True no 2=Variable > ua 3=False es = a A="napplicaliaia = Sie rr iS Tat Ie es. 8 Fee o Reese ON ies ie ee et VENTRALS CAUDALS > == ANDINUS 2003 1) YT i17...-<= 174 Smee liae 2 BADIUS 09331 7 17 -#-= 143-160 20-47 1 2 BaLZANI 090031 6 17 === 159 32 4 1 BISERIATUS 10031 #7 15 <== 148 gn lee? BOCK! 00031 6 17 --- 164 DOF rl eZ BOCOURTI 09031 7 17 wee 1752191 25239 1 2 BoETTGERI 09031 6 15 e-- Lita 20-45 2 BOULENGERTI 100° Se 87 <li ese 189 44 1 2 CARRIONI 13314 6 15 6=#9 1452149 29234 4 1 CARRIONI 2331464 6 15 89. 15229. 21-27 4 1 CLARKI 2/0 O73 1 7. IT. ase 185 Soe Gee COLLARIS Los Basie wr—=6° 17. 5=5 143 SP 2 re COLLARIS 23°33 21 728 17 55 LVS Clee oie2 Isignificance of values: lsjgnificado de valores: Sex Pattern Sexo Disenio 0 = Unknown 1 = Spotted or incompletely banded 0 = Desconocido 1 = Con manchas o bandas incom- 1+ Male 2 = Longitudinal lines 1 = Macho pletas 2 = Female 3 = Completely ringed 2 = Hembra 2 = Lineas longitudinales 3 = Juvenile 4 = Unicolor 3 = Juvenil 3 = Con anillos completos 0 = Unknown 4 = Unicolor X = Combinations of above 0 = Desconocido X = Combinaciones de los otros Abbreviations* Abreviaturas* R/P = Rostral larger than prefrontals. R/P = Rostral mas grande que prefrontales. 1/P = Width of internasals larger than half 1/P = Ancho de internasales mayor que la mitad de length of prefrontal suture. la longitud de la sutura prefrontal. No L. = No loreal. No L. = Loreal ausente. L/PN = Loreal larger than postnasal. L/PN = Loreal mas grande que postnasal.

*(See Savage, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Miche, 112, 1969, 16, for discussion of these characters in hirecend)

25

EEE ES SS SSS SSS SSS __

ATRACTUS

a eee ee

CRASSICAUDATUS DUIDENSIS DUIDENSIS DUNNI ECUADORENSIS ELAPS

ELAPS

EMMEL I EMMELI ERYTHROMELAS FULIGINOSUS GAIGEAE GAIGEAE GUENTHERI INDISTINCTUS INSIPIDUS IRIDESCENS LANCINII LaSALLEI LATIFRONS LEHMANNI LEHMANNI LIMITANEUSs LOVERIDGE]I LOVERIDGE! MACULATUS MAJOR

MAJOR MANIZALESENSIS MANIZALESENSIS MELANOGASTER MELAS

MELAS MICHELI MICRORHYNCHUS MODESTUS MULTICINCTUS MULTICINCTUS NICEFORI NICEFORI NIGRICAUDUS

368-492 O—70

SEX

NN NK KF OF NKYFPNNE NK ONKF RY NKFORPNKHHY NONE OONONKKYNNK O

0=Unknown 1=True 2=Variable 3=False

4=Inapplic.

R | No Riese oles

ik PN

COOWWWOCOCCOCOOWWOOOOWWK DODWDGOWWO oOoo0oOCOrrWwW OCO WOOWWWODODODDODOWVWWOD OW WRKWWWW OWWWWW OWr RK WWW WwW WWWYWWWWWWOWWWYVWWWWWWWWYWWWWWWWWWWWWWwW WW WW eee ee ee ee Ore Sea a We Oe ee ee ee eee

UPPER LABIALS

on ax]

o N@Annvoonnanns

=)

=I tin @

oO

NAINONNO #1 ONAN “

aad © 0

NAUNANNONNNN ONAN

MAXILLARY TEETH

ACTUAL COUNTS

VENTRALS

139-161 156 173 144 144

135-154

141-161

167-170 188

159-181

157-161

187-198

207-213

143-161 170 154 135 174

161-166

142-150

141-144

148-153 146

149-2165

161-174

148-159

148-172

157-181 152 154 174 157 146 146 173

168-183

177=-184

146-155 152

157-158

CAUDALS

PATTERN

NUMBER OF POSTOCULARS

16=29 35

NERPREP EPROP RR ERE BE BPP ENNNE BFW PEPE RENNER HK EWWNNE HY

tA! NMNNNNN

— NN

N IC NNNNNNKIENNNNNNNANNNN

ee NN

NNNNNNEIENNNM XNAD I N

26 ATRACTUS

0=Unknown l=True 2=Variable

ACTUAL COUNTS

3=False & z SS 4=Inapplic. = = oe =o Rot No Lb Ean = 2a P P L. PN Spin VENTRALS CAUDALS |Z 382 NIGRIVENTRIS 20031 7 17 <= 175 261 6 B42 OBESUS 2333 1 7.17 ,-<e 17-183. 26=30 -3.,-2 OBTUSIROSTRIS 1 00°60 0:78 17% =<-< 1495160.33=42 14X OBTUSIROSTRIS 2909000 78 17 ere 1552167 17233 1 X OCCIDENTALIS le Stes aT ake Boat 153 39 2 2—3 OCCIDENTALIS Cesinseoete To Le G=7 162 26027 2 283 OCCIPITOALBUS 1333 1 78 15 7e8 1372153 21232 4 1-2 OCCIPITOALBUS 23.3 3 U.S 15 7-8 150-171 (9=19u4 te2 OCULOTEMPORALIS LO O32. Te 1S mex) 14221467 Zeal OCULOTEMPORALIS 200-3... % WS ~<e 4 1455152 23—28. 41 510 PaMPLONENSIS lL Oj003)1. 7. 17 <<< 1746-163 28=30 ales PAMPLONENSIS 2.070032. 7 I cease) 172-184 23024 ales PAUCIDENS 2333 1 667 17 5-6 169-186 31-37 4 2 PAUCISCUTATUS 2033160717 === 146 LGin 2 G2 PERUVIANUS 0 0,043 Lh. 6. 1%. co<= 140 Sis lye 32 PUNCTIVENTRIS 10031 7 %15 |#2= 157-158 28-33 1 2 RESPLENDENS 13.3.3 Dit 1% WaT) 15 7al TS. 25=39) -4n0=—2 RESPLENDENS 23°303 i tao 17 (T=T LT7O-1BS Wha v4> 0-2 RETICULATUS 003°3 2. 7 15 .e= 1565166 24=26745 12 RIVEROI by ONS S35 (Oh. Bin UK. TT 153 37a41 e502 ROULEI Il 3.359 1.6. 15 10811 14051465 20<26.4 a1 ROULEI 2.3 33 1, 6, 15, L021. lasaig9° 14-2374 esl SaNCTAEMARTAE 10031 7 17 #2 152-159 33236 1 123 SANCTAEMARTAE 29031 7 17 wee 1482171 22628 1 1-3 SANGUINEUS 190031 7 #17 <<-4 179 430 Vie a2 SERRANUS O OL053 hate lh -8=8 17? 21 4 ane STEYERMARKI QO: 00's te, lh e636, 1605177 30e97 24 pe TAENIATUS i O-.0' 3° Bech US Ba8 152 245 2. 32 TORQUATUS 00331 8 17 f= 140-165 35247 1 1 TRILINEATUS 0-0 33 LieS 15, <= 5 1255150: eng arse TRIVITTATUS 1 10°03 tia “Sie ite em 176 Sao aaa UNIVITTATUS QO 053 3) 65% Ti wens “LS1TSisSs 35. $2 pee VARIEGATUS 10. O03 WO Ge TP --= 157 27 hives VENTRIMACULATUS 1003 1 8- 15 wae, 1452157019=20)xX% 502 VENTRIMACULATUS 29031 8 15 = 158-159 14215 X 2 VERTEBRALIS 10031 768 17 qw- 170 A2e tly pe2 VERTEBRALIS 2903 1 7-8 LT pwn, 1736175) 2la26 6192 VERTEBROLINEATUS L.0 0-3 2. 7%. Lf .o== 159 46 2.2 WAGLER]I 2 OO. 3 Ve te 1 ass 174 4A eer, WERNERI OFO Ons. > ve Lhe en 161 LSnas yc WERNERI 10031 7 17 }=-= 144153 27-29 2 2

27 ATRACTUS

ATRACTUS ANDINUS Prado 1944 Atractus andinus Prado, Ciencia (Mexico), 5: lll, fig. 1. Type-locality: Andes, Antioquia, Colombia.

1945 Atractus andinus—Prado, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 18 (1944-45): 109, fig.

Distribution: Known only from type locality.

ATRACTUS ARANGOI Prado

1939 Atractus arangoi Prado, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 13: 15, fig. 1. Type-locality: Colombia.

Distribution: Known only from Puerto Asis, Putumayo, Colombia.

ATRACTUS BADIUS (Boie)

1827 Brachyorrhos badius Boie, Isis von Oken, 20: 540. Type-locality: Java?

1827 Brachyorrhos flammigerus Boie, Isis von Oken, 20: 540. Type-locality: Java?

1837 Calamaria badius Schlegel, Essai Physiog. Serpens, 2: 35. Type-locality: French Guiana.

21862 | Rabdosoma badium| var. Rubinianum Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Fis., 2: 14. Type-locality: Venezuela. 21862 R.| abdosoma| dubium Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Fis., 2: 18. Type-locality: Bogota, Colombia.

1894 Atractus badius—Boulenger, Cat. Sn. Brit. Mus., 2: 308.

Distribution: Northern South America east of Andes and south to northern Argentina.

ATRACTUS BALZANI! Boulenger

1898 Atractus balzani Boulenger, Ann. Mus. Civ. Storia Nat. Genova, (2) 19: 129. Type-locality: Missiones Mosetenes, northwest Bolivia.

Distribution: Known only from type locality.

ATRACTUS BISERIATUS Prado

1941 Atractus biseriatus Prado, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 14 (1940): 26, fig. Type-locality: Manizales, Departamento de Caldas, Colombia; Villamaria, Departamento de Caldas, according to E. R. Dunn, in Savage, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 112, 1960, 80.

Distribution: Known only from type locality.

ATRACTUS BOCK! Werner

1909 Atractus bocki Werner, Mitt. Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg, 26: 228, fig. 5. Type-locality: Cochabamba, Departamento de Cochabamba, Bolivia.

Distribution: Known only from type locality. Comment: Amaral, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 4, 1929, 26, indicated that this was a synonym of A. modestus Boulenger, which is known only from western Ecuador.

ATRACTUS BOCOURT! Boulenger

1894 Atractus bocourti Boulenger, Cat. Sn. Brit. Muse, 2: 306. Type-locality: Acomayo, Departamento de Huanuco, Peru.

Distribution: Northern Peru; Ecuador.

ATRACTUS BOETTGERI Boulenger

1896 Atractus boettgeri Boulenger, Cat. Sn. Brit. Mus., 3: 645. Type-locality: Yungas, Sierra de las Yungas, Departamento de Cochabamba, Bolivia.

Distribution: Known only from type locality.

28 ATRACTUS

ATRACTUS BOULENGERII Peracca

1896 Atractus Boulengerii Peracca, Bol. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Univ. Torino, 11 (252): 1, fig-e Type- locality: South America.

Distribution: Unknown.

ATRACTUS CARRION! Parker 1930 Atractus carrioni Parker, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (10) 5: 208, figs. Type-locality: Loja, Ecuador, 2200 m. 1960 Atractus carrioni—Savage, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 112: 32.

Distribution: Intermontane valley of Loja, Ecuador.

ATRACTUS CLARK! Dunn and Bailey

1939 Atractus clarki Dunn and Bailey, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 86: 8. Type-locality: Mine at Santa Cruz de Cana, Provincia de Darién, Panama.

Distribution: Known only from type locality.

ATRACTUS COLLARIS Peracca 1897 Atractus collaris Peracca, Bol. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Univ. Torino, 12 (284): 4. Type-locality: Rio Cononaco, Provincia Pastaza, Ecuador.

1960 Atractus collaris—Savage, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 112: 34.

Distribution: Amazonian Ecuador and northeastern Peru, 300-600 ft.

ATRACTUS CRASSICAUDATUS (Duméril, Bibron and Duméril)

1854 Rabdosoma crassicaudatum Duméril, Bibron and Duméril, Erp. Gén., 7: 103. Type-locality: Bogota, Departamento de Cundinamarca, Colombia.

1894 Atractus crassicaudatus—Boulenger, Cat. Sn. Brit. Mus., 2: 310.

1914 Atractus Fuhrmanni Peracca, Mem. Soc. Neuchatel Sci. Nat., 5: 100. Type-locality: Bogota, Departamento de Cundinamarca, Colombia.

Distribution: Highlands of Colombia.

ATRACTUS DUIDENSIS Roze

1961 Atractus duidensis Roze, Acta Biol. Venezuelica, 3: 110. Type-locality: Cumbre del Cerro Duida, Territorio Federal Amazonas, Venezuela, 2050 m.

Distribution: Region of Cerro Duida, Venezuela.

ATRACTUS DUNNI Savage

1883 Rabdosoma maculatum Bocourt (preoccupied by maculata Gunther, 1858), Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept., 3: 539, pl. 34, figs. 2-2e; pl. 35, fig- 1. Type-locality: Ecuador.

1955 Atractus dunni Savage (substitute name for Rabdosoma maculatum Bocourt), Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 68: 14.

Distribution: Peru and Ecuador.

ATRACTUS ECUADORENSIS Savage

1955 Atractus ecuadorensis Savage, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 68: 15. Type-locality: "Llangate area"; probably Llanganate Range, Provincia Tunguruhua, Ecuador.

Distribution: Known only from type locality.

29 ATRACTUS

ATRACTUS ELAPS (Giinther)

1858 Rhabdosoma elaps Gunther, Cat. Sn. Brit. Mus.: 241. Type-locality: Guayaquil, Ecuador (probably

in error) 1862 R.| abdosoma| brevifrenum Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Fis., 2: 12. Type-locality: Brazil. 1862 R.| abdosoma} Poppigi Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Fis., 2: ll. Type-locality: Brazil.

1931 Atractus elaps tetrazonus Amaral, Bull. Antivenin Inst. Amer., 4: 87. Type-locality: Guaicaramo, east of Bogota, Colombia.

1943 Geophis diplozeugus Schmidt and Walker, Zool. Ser. Chicago Nat. Hist. Mus., 24: 286. Type- locality: Departamento de Madre de Dios, Peru.

1960 Atractus elaps—Savage, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Miche, 112: 39.

Distribution: Oriente and interandean highlands of Ecuador, northern Peru, eastern Colombia, and Amazonas, Brazil.

ATRACTUS EMMEL! (Boettger) 1888 Geophis Emmeli Boettger, Ber. Senckenberg Naturforsch. Ges., 1888: 192, figs. Type-locality: Rio Mapiri, Departamento de La Paz, Bolivia.

1894 Atractus emmeli—Boulenger, Cat. Sn. Brit. Muse, 2: 311.

Distribution: Bolivia and Peru.

ATRACTUS ERYTHROMELAS Boulenger 1903 Atractus erythromelas Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7) 11: 483. Type-locality: Mérida, Estado de Mérida, Venezuela, 1600 m. 1966 Atractus erythromelas—Roze, Ofidios de Venezuela: 80.

Distribution: Andes of Mérida, Venezuela, above 1000 m.

ATRACTUS FULIGINOSUS (Hallowell) 1845 Coluber fuliginosus Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1845: 243. Type-locality: Given as "within 200 miles of Caracas", in Colombia; indicated as Venezuela by Roze (below). 1958 Atractus fuliginosus—Roze, Notulae Naturae, 309: 3. 1966 Atractus fuliginosus—Roze, Ofidios de Venezuela: 81.

Distribution: Northern Venezuela.

ATRACTUS GAIGEAE Savage

1955 Atractus qaigeae Savage, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 68: 12. Type-locality: Santiago-Zaruma or Morona-Chinchipe Provinces, Ecuador.

Distribution: Amazonian lowlands ot Ecuador.

ATRACTUS GUENTHERI (Wucherer) 1861 Geophis Gtintheri Wucherer, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1861: 115, pl. 19, fig. 1. Type-locality: Cafavieras, south of Bahia (Sao Salvador), Estado do Bahia, Brazil.

1894 Atractus guentheri—Boulenger, Cat. Sn. Brit. Mus., 2: 305.

Distribution: Amazonian Colombia and Brazil.

ATRACTUS INDISTINCTUS Prado

1940 Atractus indistinctus Prado, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 13 (1939): 16, fige 2. Type-locality: Ocafia, Departamento de Norte de Santander, Colombia.

Distribution: Known only from type locality.

30 ATRACTUS

A RACTUS INSIPIDUS Roze

1961 Atractus insipidus Roze, Acta Biol. Venezuelica, 3: 106. Type-locality: Poste M-1, cerca de Rio Uraricapara, Venezuela-Brazil border, 400 m.

Distribution: Venezuela-Brazil border.

ATRACTUS IRIDESCENS Peracca

1896 Atractus iridescens Peracca, Bol. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Univ. Torino, 11 (252): 2, fig. Type- locality: South America.

Distribution: Unknown.

ATRACTUS LANCINI| Roze

1961 Atractus lancinii Roze, Acta Biol. Venezuelica, 3: 112. Type-locality: El Junquito, Distrito Federal, Venezuela, 1900 m.

Distribution: Known only from type locality.

ATRACTUS LASALLE! Amaral

1931 Atractus lasallei Amaral, Bull. Antivenin Inst. Amer., 4: 87. Type-locality: San Pedro, north of Medellin, Departamento de Antioquia, Colombia.

Distribution: Highlands of northern Colombia.

ATRACGTUS LATIFRONS (Giinther)

1868 Geophis latifrons Glinther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (4) l: 415, pl. 19, fig. Be Type-locality: Pébas, Departamento de Loreto, Peru.

1896 Atractus latifrons—Boulenger, Cat. Sn. Brit. Muse, 2: 303.

1927 Elaps herthae Ahl, Zool. Anz., 70: 252. Type-locality: Munduruct, Rio Manacapuri, Estado do Amazonas, Brazil.

Distribution: Western Brazil; eastern Peru; eastern Colombia.

ATRACTUS LEHMANNI Boettger

1898 Atractus lehmanni Boettger, Katal. Rept. Mus. Senckenberg, 2: 80. Type-locality: Cuenca, Provincia Azuay, Ecuador. 1960 Atractus lehmanni—Savage, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich.s, 112: 45.

Distribution: Known only from type locality.

ATRACTUS LIMITANEUS (Amaral) 1935_Leptocalamus limitaneus Amaral, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 9: 219, figs. 1-3. Type-locality: La cael Rfo Caqueta, Comisaria de Amazonas, Colombia.

1960 [Atractus limitaneus—Savage, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich.e, 112: 81.

Distribution: Known only from type locality.

ATRACTUS LOVERIDGE! Amaral

1930 Atractus loveridgei Amaral, Bull. Antivenin Inst. Amer., 4: 28. Type-locality: Jericd, Departamento de Antioquia, Colombia.

Distribution: Highlands of northern Colombia.

31 ATRACTUS

ATRACTUS MACULATUS (Giinther) 1858 lsoscelis maculata Ginther, Cat. Sn. Brit. Muse, 1858: 204. Type-locality: Unknown.

1862 R.|abdosoma | zebrinum Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Fise, 2: 15. Type-locality: None given. 1894 Atractus maculatus—Boulenger, Cat. Sn. Brit. Muse, 2: 306, pl. 14, fig. 3.

Distribution: Espirito Santo and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

ATRACTUS MAJOR Boulenger 1893 Atractus major Boulenger, Cat. Sn. Brit. Mus., 2: 307. Type-locality: Pallatanga, Canelos, and Intac, Ecuador; restricted by lectotype designation to Canelos, Provincia Pastaza, Ecuador, by Savage, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 112, 1960, 50. 1960 Atractus major—Savage, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 112: 47.

Distribution: Ecuador and Colombia on Amazonian slopes; Venezuela; Brazil.

ATRACTUS MANIZALESENSIS Prado 1940 Atractus manizalesensis Prado, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 13 (1939): 17, fig. 4. Type-locality: Colombia; actually from Villamaria, Departamento de Caldas, according to E. R. Dunn, in Savage,

Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool., 112, 1960, 82.

Distribution: Known only from type locality.

ATRACTUS MELANOGASTER Werner 1916 Atractus melanogaster Werner, Zool. Anz., 47: 308. Type-locality: Canon del Tolima,

Departamento de Tolima, Colombia.

Distribution: Departamentos deTolima and Antioquia, Colombia.

ATRACTUS MELAS Boulenger

1908 Atractus melas Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8) 1: 114. Type-locality: Los Mangos, Departamento Valles, Colombia, 300 m.

Distribution: Known only from type locality.

ATRACTUS MICHEL! Mocquard 1904 Atractus Micheli Mocquard, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1904: 301. Type-locality: French Guiana.

Distribution: Known only from type specimen.

ATRACTUS MICRORHYNCHUS (Cope) 1868 Rhabdosoma microrhynchum Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868: 102. Type-locality: Guayaquil, Ecuador.

1960 Atractus microrhynchum—Savage, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 112: 52.

Distribution: Lower Andean slopes in northwestern Ecuador.

ATRACTUS MODESTUS Boulenger 1894 Atractus modestus Boulenger, Cat. Sn. Brit. Mus., 2: 304, pl. 15, fige 1. Type-locality: Western Ecuador.

1960 Atractus modestus—Savage, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Miche, 112: 53.

Distribution: Western Ecuador.

32

ATRACTUS

ATRACTUS MULTICINCTUS (Jan)

1865 Rabdosoma badium var. multicinctum Jan, in Jan and Sordelli, Icon. Gén. Ophidiens, Livr. 10: pl. 4, figs 5. Type-locality: Lima, Peru (in error).

1898 Atractus multicinctus—Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1898: 116.

1960 Atractus multicinctus—Savage, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 112: 54.

Distribution: Northwestern Ecuador into Choco of Colombia.

ATRACTUS NICEFORI Amaral

1930 Atractus nicefori Amaral, Bull. Antivenin Inst. Amer., 4: 28. Type-locality: Jericé, Departamento de Antioquia, Colombia.

Distribution: Highlands of northern Colombia.

ATRACTUS NIGRICAUDUS Schmidt and Walker

1943 Atractus nigricaudus Schmidt and Walker, Zool. Ser. Chicago Nat. Hist. Mus., 24: 327. Type- locality: Huachon, east of Cerro de Pasco, Departamento de Junin, Peru, 10,000 ft.

Distribution: Known only from type locality.

ATRACTUS NIGRIVENTRIS Amaral

1933 Atractus nigriventris Amaral, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 7 (1932): 116. Type-locality: Chita, southeast of San Gil, Departamento de Santander, Colombia.

Distribution: Known only from type locality.

ATRACTUS OBESUS Marx

1960 Atractus obesus Marx, Fieldiana: Zool., 39: 411, fig. 71. Type-locality: Santa Barbara, at base

of Cerro Frontimo, upper Rfo Urrao, a tributary of Rio Penserisco, Cordillera Occidental, Antioquia, Colombia.

Distribution: Known from type locality and El Roblal, Rfo Pichinadé, tributary of Rfo Cali, Los Farallones, Valle and Carca Colombia, 700-800 air miles south of type locality.

ATRACTUS OBTUSIROSTRIS Werner

1916 Atractus obtusirostris Werner, Zool. Anz., 47: 308. Type-locality: Cafion del Tolima, Departamento de Tolima, Colombia.

Distribution: Known from type locality and from Pensilvania, Colombia.

ATRACTUS OCCIDENTALIS Savage

1955 Atractus occidentalis Savage, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 68: 16. Type-locality: Mindo, Provincia Pichincha, Ecuador.

Distribution: Pacific slopes of Andes in northwestern Ecuador, 800-1200 m. ATRACTUS OCCIPITOALBUS (Jan)

1862 Rhabdosoma occipitoalbum Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Fis., 2: 16. Type-locality: Andes of Ecuador, 4000 ft.

1880 Rabdosoma Duboisi Boulenger, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1880: 44. Type-locality: Andes of Ecuador.

1894 Atractus occipitoalbus—Boulenger, Cat. Sn. Brit. Mus., 2: 310.

1955 Atractus orcesi Savage, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 68: 17. Type-locality:

Loreto, Provincia Pastaza, Ecuador.

Distribution: Eastern slopes of Andes in Ecuador.

33 ATRACTUS

ATRACTUS OCULOTEMPORALIS Amaral

1932 Atractus oculo-temporalis Amaral, Bull. Antivenin Inst. Amer., 5: 67. Type-locality: Jericdé, Departamento de Antioquia, Colombia.

Distribution: Known only from type locality.

ATRACTUS PAMPLONENSIS Amaral

1937 Atractus pamplonensis Amaral, Compte Rendu 12th Congress Internat. Zool., Lisbon, Vol. 3: 1763, fig. 2. Type-locality: Pamplona, Departamento de Norte de Santander, Colombia.

Distribution: Departamento de Norte de Santander, Colombia.

ATRACTUS PAUCIDENS Despax 1910 Atractus (Atractopsis) paucidens Despax, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 16: 372. Type-locality:

Santo Domingo de los Colorados, Provincia Pichincha, Ecuador. 1960 Atractus paucidens—Savage, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Unive Mich., 112: 62.

Distribution: Northwestern Ecuador in tropical rain forest. ATRACTUS PAUCISCUTATUS Schmidt and Walker

1943 Atractus pauciscutatus Schmidt and Walker, Zool. Ser. Chicago Nat. Hist. Mus., 24: 326. Type- locality: Carpapata, upper Chanchamayo Valley, northeast of Tarma, Departamento de Junin, Peru.

Distribution: Known only from type locality.

ATRACTUS PERUVIANUS (Jan)

1862 R.[ abdosoma] peruvianum Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Fis., 2: 12, Type-locality: Peru. 1894 Atractus peruvianus—Boulenger, Cat. Sn. Brit. Mus., 2: 305.

Distribution: Known only from type specimen.

ATRACTUS PUNCTIVENTRIS Amaral

1933 Atractus punctiventris Amaral, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 7 (1932): 117. Type-locality: Villavicencio, Intendencia de Meta, Colombia.

Distribution: Known only from type locality.

ATRACTUS RESPLENDENS Werner

1901 Atractus torquatus var. resplendens Werner, Ver. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, 51: 598. Type-locality: Ecuador. 1960 Atractus resplendens—Savage, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 112: 64.

Distribution: Amazonian slopes of Ecuador.

ATRACTUS RETICULATUS (Boulenger) 1885 Geophis reticulatus Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Histe, (5) 16: 87. Type-locality: Sao Lourengo, Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. 1894 Atractus reticulatus—Boulenger, Cat. Sn. Brit. Mus., 2: 311, pl. 15, fig. 3.

Distribution: Paraguay and southern Brazil.

Content: Two subspecies.

34

JT

ATRACTUS nT ee Ee Key to the subspecies Clave de subespecies IS, worpostoctlars=———=—==—=— === —— reticulatus ie Doss postoculianesa— =a reticulatus One: postocular=—=---=-===--=—= paraguayensis Un?pestocular=——==—-- paraquayensis

Atractus reticulatus reticulatus (Boulenger) 1929 Atractus reticulatus reticulatus—Amaral, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 4: 27.

Distribution: Southern Brazil.

Atractus reticulatus paraguayensis Werner 1924 Atractus paraguayensis Werner, Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 133 (1): 40. Type-locality: Paraguay. 1929 Atractus reticulatus paraquayensis—Amaral, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 4: 27.

Distribution: Paraguay.

ATRACTUS RIVERO! Roze

1961 Atractus riveroi Roze, Acta Biol. Venezuelica, 3: 114. Type-locality: Cerro Duida, Territorio Federal Amazonas, Venezuela, 1800 m.

Distribution: Territorio Federal Amazonas, Venezuela.

ATRACTUS ROULE! Despax

1910 Atractus Roulei Despax, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 16: 370. Type-locality: Alausi, Ecuador, 2350 m. 1960 Atractus roulei—Savage, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Miche, 112: 67.

Distribution: Western slopes in southwestern Ecuador, 1200-1600 m.

ATRACTUS SANCTAEMARTAE Dunn

1946 Atractus sanctaemartae Dunn, Occ. Pap. Muse Zool. Univ. Miche, 493: 2. Type-locality: San Sebastian, Departamento de Magdalena, Colombia.

Distribution: Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia.

ATRACTUS SANGUINEUS Prado

1944 Atractus sanguineus Prado, Ciencia (Mexico), 5: lll, fig. 2. Type-locality: Yarumal, Departamento de Antioquia, Colombia. 1945 Atractus sanquineus—Prado, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 18 (1944-45): 110, fig.

Distribution: Known only from type locality.

ATRACTUS SERRANUS Amaral

1930 Atractus serranus Amaral, Bull. Antivenin Inst. Amer., 4: 65. Type-locality: Serra de Paranapiacaba, Estado do Sao Paulo, Brazil.

Distribution: Estado do Sao Paulo, Brazil.

ATRACTUS STEYERMARKI Roze

1958 Atractus steyermarki Roze, Acta Biol. Venezuelica, 2: 301. Type-locality: Chimanta Tepui, Estado de Bolivar, Venezuela.

Distribution: Savannas of Estado de Bolivar, Venezuela.

35 ATRACTUS

ATRACTUS SUBBICINCTUM (Jan)

1862 [ Rabdosoma badium| subbicinetum Jan, Arche Zool. Anat. Fis., 2: 14. Type-locality: Surinam and French_Guiana. 1960 [Atractus]| subbicinctum—Savage, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Miche, 112: 83.

Distribution: Known only from type material.

Comment: This taxon was not mentioned in the literature until Savage, loc. cite, included it in his list of the nominal species of Atractus. No author discussing A. badius has indicated that subspecies are recognized, so it would appear to be necessary to list the taxon here as a species, although it has never been so defined in the literature.

ATRACTUS TAENIATUS Griffin

1916 Atractus taeniatus Griffin, Mem. Carnegie Muse, 7 (1915): 173. Type-locality: Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Departamento de Santa Cruz, Bolivia.

Distribution: Known only from type locality.

ATRACTUS TORQUATUS (Duméril, Bibron and Duméril)

1854 Rabdosoma torquatum Duméril, Bibron and Duméril, Erp. Gén., 7: 101. Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Departamento de Santa Cruz, Bolivia.

1862 R.[ abdosoma varium Jan, Arche Zool. Anat. Fise, 2: 18. Type-locality: "Santa Cruz", without country.

1894 Atractus torquatus—Boulenger, Cat. Sn. Brit. Muse, 2: 309.

Distribution: Amazonian Colombia and Bolivia; Amazonas, Brazil.

ATRACTUS TRILINEATUS Wagler 1828 Atractus trilineatus Wagler, Isis von Oken, 21: 742, pl. 10, figs. 1-4. Type-locality: None iven. 1862 R,] abdosoma| trivirgatum Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Fis., 2: 17. Type-locality: Unknown. 1862 Rabdosoma punctatovittatum Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Fis., 2: 17. Type-locality: Antilles.

Distribution: Trinidad, Guianas, eastern Venezuela.

ATRACTUS TRIVITTATUS Amaral

1933 Atractus trivittatus Amaral, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 7 (1932): 118. Type-locality: Chita, Departamento de Santander, Colombia.

Distribution: Known only from type locality.

ATRACTUS UNIVITTATUS (Jan) 1862 B. [abdosona | univittatum Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Fis., 2: 15. Type-locality: Caracas, Distrito ederal, Venezuela.

1961 Atractus univittatus—Roze, Acta Biol. Venezuelica, 3: 117.

Distribution: Cordillera de la Costa, Venezuela.

ATRACTUS VARIEGATUS Prado

1942 Atractus variegatus Prado, Mem. Inst. Butantany 15 (1941): 379, fig. Type-locality: La Uvita, Departamento de Boyacé, Colombia.

Distribution: Known only from type locality.

36 ATRACTUS

ATRACTUS VENTRIMACULATUS Boulenger

1905 Atractus ventrimaculatus Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist-, (7) 15: 455. Type-locality: Merida, Estado de Merida, and Fuqueros (Estado desconocido), Venezuela.

Distribution: Known only from type material.

ATRACTUS VERTEBRALIS Boulenger

1904 Atractus vertebralis Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7) 13: 451. Type-locality:

Santo Domingo, Cordillera de Carabaya, Departamento de Puno, Peru, 6000 ft.

Distribution: Known only from type locality.

ATRACTUS VERTEBROLINEATUS Prado

1941 Atractus vertebrolineatus Prado, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 14 (1940): 25, fig.

Type-locality: Ocafia, Departamento de Norte de Santander, Colombia.

Distribution: Known only from type locality.

ATRACTUS WAGLERI Prado

1945 Atractus wagleri Prado, Ciencia (Mexico), 6: 61, fig. 1. Boyaca, Colombia.

1945 Atractus wagleri—Prado, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 18 (1944-45): 110, fig.

Type-locality: Humbo, Departamento de

Distribution: Known only from type locality.

ATRACTUS WERNERI Peracca

1914 Atractus Werneri Peracca, Mem. Soc. Neuchatel Sci. Nat., 5: 102. Departamento de Cundinamarca, Colombia, 1830 m.

1940 Atractus longimaculatus Prado, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 13 (1939): 17, fig. 3. Type-locality: Region of Quindfo, Colombia; in error for Pacho, Departamento de Cundinamarca, Colombia, according to E. R. Dunn, Rev. Acad. Colombiana Cien. Exactas Fis. Nat., 6, 1944, 77.

1940 Atractus colombianus Prado, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 13 (1939): 18, fig. 5. Departamento de Cundinamarca, Colombia.

Type-locality: Viota,

Type-locality: Choconta,

Distribution: Highlands of Colombia.

REPTILIA: SERPENTES: BOIDAE

BOA

Lt

nnaeus

1758 Boa Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, Ed. 10: 214.

1768 Constrictor Laurenti, Synopsin Reptilium: 106.

Di

Content:

stribution: Mexico to Argentina; Antilles.

One species.

BOA CONSTRICTOR Linnaeus

1758 Boa Constrictor Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, Ed. 10: 215,

x *

Type-species: Boa Constrictor Linnaeus

Type-locality: India (in error).

1768 Constrictor rex serpentum Laurenti (unavailable because not binomial), Synopsin Reptilium:

1768 Constrictor auspex Laurenti, Synopsin Reptilium: 108.

107. Type-locality: Madagascar; Java.

Type-locality: America.

Bil BOA

Type-species: Constrictor formosissimus Laurenti.

1801 | Boa| constrictrix Schneider (unjustified emendation of constrictor Linnaeus), Hist. Amphib., 2:

Di

247.

stribution: Mexico to Argentina; Antilles.

Content: Eight subspecies, two of which (nebulosus Lazell and orophias Linnaeus) are extra-

1.

limital.

Key to the subspecies

Conspicuous dorsal pattern always present-2 Dorsal pattern pale or dark, but always inconspicuous or even absent------------- 5 Longitudinal middorsal band on head without lateral proyjections<-<----=———————_—_-_-_—— 3 Longitudinal middorsal band on head sends lateral projections to eyes------ imperator

Dorsal pattern of yellow spots bordered by black rings which are connected to each

Black rings around yellow dorsal spots not in contact with each other----occidentalis

More than 21 saddle-shaped dorsal spots; ventrals 226-237------------------- amarali Fewer than 20 rounded dorsal spots; 234-250 ventrals----------------------- constrictor Dorsal color pale, light, sandy----- ortonii Dorsal color dark reddish brown----- sabogae

oa constrictor constrictor Linnaeus

1768 Gonstrictor formosissimus Laurenti, Synopsin Reptilium: 107. 1768 Constrictor diviniloquus Laurenti, Synopsin Reptilium: 108, 1960 Boa constrictor constrictor—Forcart, Herpetologica, 7:

Clave de subespecies Disefio dorsal conspfcuo siempre presente--2 Disefio dorsal palido u oscuro, pero siempre

: , inconspicuo o ausente------=-------------- 5

Una banda longitudinal supracefdlica sin

prRoOvecctonesmLatena lies — mea 3 Una banda longitudinal supracefalica emite proyecciones hacia los 0 jos------ imperator

Disefio dorsal de manchas amarillas rodeadas por anillos negros conectados entre st---4 Disefio dorsal de manchas amarillas rodeadas por anillos negros independientes entre

f---------------------------- occidentalis

Manchas dorsales en forma de silla de montar, con prolongacién anterior y pos- terior, en numero de 22 o mas; ventrales 226-237---------------------------- amarali

Manchas dorsales rodeadas, sin prolonga- ciones, en numero menor de 20; ventrales 234-250------------------------ constrictor

Color dorsal arenosoy palido, claro-ortonii Color dorsal pardo rojizo oscuro----sabogae

Type-locality: America.

199.

Distribution: Amazonian South America to Argentina and Paraguay; Trinidad; Tobago.

Boa constrictor amarali (Stull)

1932 Constrictor constrictor amarali Stull, Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 8: 27.

locality: Sao Paulo, Brazil.

1951 Boa constrictor amarali—-Forcart, Herpetologica, 7:

Distribution:

Type- 199.

Southern and southwestern Brazilj southeastern Bolivia.

Type-locality: Mexico and Peru.

38 BOA

Boa constrictor imperator Daudin

1803 Boa imperator Daudin, Hist. Nat. Rept., 5: 150. Type-locality: Mexico; restricted to Cordoba, Veracruz, Mexico, by Smith and Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 33, 1950, 350, also restric- ted to Chocé of Colombia by Dunn and Saxe, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 102, 1950, 161, in a rather offhand fashion. —

1842 Boa eques Eydoux and Souleyet, Voyage La Bonjte, Zoology, 1: 144. Type-locality: Paita, Peru | original citation not verified by uel

1863 Boa diviniloquax var. mexicana Jan, Elenco Sistema Ofidi: 23. Type-locality: Mexico.

1883 Boa constrictor var. isthmica Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 8 (3): 9. Type-locality: Given as Central America; further specified, from the syntypes, as Bas Obispo, Panama, and Turbo, Colombia, by Barbour and Loveridge, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, 19295) 227.

1943 Constrictor constrictor sigma Smith, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 93: 411. Type-locality: Marfa Madré Island, Tres Martas, Mexico.

1951 Boa constrictor imperator—Forcart, Herpetologica, 7: 199.

Distribution: Mexico to northwestern South America, west of Andes, in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.

Boa constrictor occidentalis Philippi 1873 Boa occidentalis Philippi Zeitsch. Gesammte Naturwiss., 41: 128, pl. 3. Type-locality: Argentina; indicated as Provincias de Mendoza and San Juan, Argentina, by Stimson, Das Tierreich, 89, 1969, 3. 1951 Boa constrictor occidentalis—Forcart, Herpetologica, 7: 199.

Distribution: Argentina and Paraguay.

Boa constrictor ortonii Cope 1878 Boa ortonii Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 17 (1877): 35. Type-locality: Chilete, near Pacasmayo, Peru, 3000 ft. 1951 Boa constrictor ortonii—Stimson, Das Tierreich, 89, 1969, 4.

Distribution: Northwestern Peru.

Boa constrictor sabogae (Barbour)

1906 Epicrates Sabogae Barbour, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46: 226. Type-locality: Saboga Island, Panama, which is now spelled Taboga Island. 1951 Boa constrictor sabogae—Forcart, Herpetologica, 7: 199.

Distribution: Taboga Island, Panama.

REPTILIA: SERPENTES: VIPER IDAE kk * BOTHROPS

BOTHROPS Wagler

1824 Bothrops Wagler, in Spix, Sp. Nov. Serp. Bras.: 50. Type-species: Coluber lanceolatus Lacépéde.

1859 Bothriechis Peters, Monats. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1859: 278. Type-species: Bothriechis nigroviridis Peters.

1860 Teleuraspis Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859: 338. Type-species: Trigonocephalus schlegelii Berthold.

1860 Thamnocenchris Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1860: 459. Type-species: Thamnocenchris aurifer Salvin.

1861 Bothriopsis Peters, Monats. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1861: 359. Type-species: Bothriopsis guadriscutatus Peters.

1871 Porthidium Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scie Phila., 1871: 207. Type-species: Trigonocephalus lansbergii Schlegel.

1881 Rhinocerophis Garman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 8: 85. Type-species: Rhinocerophis nasus Garman,

1887 Ophryacus Cope, Buli. U. S. Nat. Muse, 32: 88. Type-species: Atropos undulatus Jan.

1889 Thanatophis Posada-Arango, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 14: 343. Type-species: Thanatophis torvus Posada-Arango.

Distribution: Mexico; Central America; almost all of South America except southernmost parts, Lesser Antilles as far north as Martinique.

Content: 59 species, of which 51 are found within limits set for this work, following the most recent list of species by Hoge, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 32, 1965 (1966), 109.

Matrix for identification of species Matriz para identificacién de especies

w a br to oc oO ax = <= ae =< be Ee cw a ao 2 a wu Cowan a2 > Sones = a; io So S= ew = lu or — _ —< e = wo ao Zone zou 2 * ACTUAL COUNTS S 2 Sw 34 ae =- DQHeEW w —_—e ce": So 02 i er 2) ey Os Oo=-naz O DP-aet oOo w = ° = S ES S ry 2 = oe 5 SCALES m; = = =e fe = | BETWEEN DORSAL a & = i) =) tu oc WW alae 4 oO = Ss 55 2 = B = BISUPRA- UPPER SCALE oS i o = =~ 6 5S S f& F SBiOCULARS LABIALS ROWS VENTRALS CAUDALS | 2 = ALBOCARINATUS 113311312 6 8-9 21 181 wnrnm-- X 4 ALTERNAIUS M 111333331 BHl3Z 8-10 24237 1552185 34848 3 2 ALTERNATUS F 26-37 156-190 30-46 ALTICOLUS bil iiitt.3 23 5 7 19 178 eoren 5 . AMMUDYTOIDES 310131331 889 9-10 23-25 1492160 30-38 4% 1s i gnificance of various values lgignificado de los distintos valores Symbols for first nine characters: Sfmbolos de los primeros nueve caracteres: O=Unknown; l=True; 2=Variable; 3=False; O=Desconocido; l=Verdadero; 2=Variable; 4=Inapplicable. 3=Falso; 4=Inaplicable. Symbols for color patterns: (0=Unknown) Sfmbolos de los disefios de color: (0=Desconoc ido) Dorsal color (X=Combinations) Color dorsal (X=Combinaciones) l=Greenish, with or without black spotting l=Verdoso, con o sin manchas negras y cinta and ventrolateral light stripe clara ventrolateral 2=Triangular blotches 2=Bloques triangulares 3=Hollow, "C" shaped blotches 3=Bloques huecos, en forma de "0" 4=Large, squarish blotches 4=Bloques grandes, cuadrilateros 5=Round or rhomboidal spots 5=Manchas redondas o romboidales Ventral color Color ventral l=Immaculate or lightly spotted l=Inmaculado o ligeramente manchado 2=Checkered; with light and dark spots 2=Cuadriculado, con manchas claras y oscuras 3=Dark with lighter spots or blotches 3=Oscuro con manchas claras

4=Light with darker spotting 4=Claro con manchas oscuras

40

CO ESS SE SS EEE

BOTHROPS

Fo ee eee

ANDIANUS ASPER

ATROX BARNETTI BICOLOR BILINEATUS BRAZILI CASTELNAUDI COTIARA M COTIARA F CULOMBIENSIS ERY THROMELAS FONSECAI M™ FONSECAI F GODMANI HYOPRORUS IGLESIASI INSULARIS M INSULARIS F

INSULARIS I

SNOUT NORMAL

ITAPETININGAE 1

HEAD SCALES KEELED

INTERNASALS IN CONTACT

SUPRAOCULAR LARGE

UPPER LABIAL IN PIT

N w w Ww

WITH POSTOCULAR STRIPE

=

°

KEEL SHORTER THAN SCALE TAIL PREHENS ILE

o WwW

=

°o oO oO o w

N w w

SCALES BETWEEN SUPRA- OCULARS

UPPER LABIALS

SUBCAUDALS MOSTLY PAIRED

I 326." 7

1 6-7 7

1 5-11 7-8 ki 65 > 289 3 10-11 10-11 1 5-8 78 L 458 8-9 3 5 7

1 11-14 8-9 l -<ee- 7

1 5 7=8 1 10 8

3 5=7 9-10

l 529 8-9 QO T-9 8

DORSAL SCALE ROWS

21 27 23-33 23-25 21 23-35 23-25 25-27 27

19-21

21 23 21-225 23-27

25

ACTUAL COUNTS

VENTRALS 157-161 188-199 169=231 172-179 164-167 192-220 159-179 211-253 156-166 164-173 207 144-2155 165=173 165<-179 135-146 125-134 160-170 171-188 182-195 178-194 150-152

CAUDALS

50-55 63-74 47=75 42-46 62-67 55-71 48-64 71-91 34-51 34-44 70

33=42 45-57 39-51 22-36 44-50 35-43 52-64 51-61 48-65

28=29

COLOR

wu =< Ld) ® > | DORSAL

-

w So %

«x $F

VENTRAL COLOR

-

+ oOo

wo Ww w

- $F F

~_

41

NN

BOTHROPS

NNN

ACTUAL COUNTS

SNOUT NORMAL:

HEAD SCALES KEELED

INTERNASALS IN CONTACT

SUPRAOCULAR LARGE

UPPER LABIAL IN PIT

WITH POSTOCULAR STRIPE

KEEL SHORTER THAN SCALE

TAIL PREHENSILE

SUBCAUDALS MOSTLY PAIRED

SCALES BETWEEN SUPRA- OCULARS

UPPER LABIALS

DORSAL SCALE ROWS

VENTRALS

DORSAL coLoR:

CAUDALS

JARARACA 113111331 OHl2 649 21227 175-216 52-70 2 JARARACUSSU o1:1:1:1:11332 48 8 23-47 181-185 60-66 4 LANSBERGI 311133033 5-7 8-10 23-27 139-159 27-35 X LATERALIS PlS3 2001.3 7% 921) 2is23 155-171 58-66 1 LICHENUSUS =121111023 798 %F 25 205 66 5 LUJANUS Peete aS 7 21-23 1440155 37245 5 MARAJOENSIS M 1000110 3 1 wewee 78 wnee= 1762188 60 0 MARAJUENSIS F 178-194

MEDUSA P23121033 2-5 7 “21 2540168 46-62 4 MICROPHTHALMUS3 23131131 5-8 7 23 1440161 49-55 2 MUOJENI M Scie Oe tas oes Teeeseer lee lor ste7005 MOOJENL F 25-29 187-210 51-66 NASUTUS 310130033 597 Gell 23-27 130-145 24-36 X NEUWIEDI Pi 1 i 31 331. 6-9) Ge. Zlec? 166-185 41-54 5 NIGROVIRIDIS 133121013 4=10 9=11 19 1340158 49-57 1 NUMMIFER 113954054 alo )9211 23227 12lsi34 26<36.5 OLIGULEPFIS 110211011 5-6 8 23-25 178191 41-63 x OPHRYOMEGAS 110101033 6 9810 2527 1600173 32-42 5 PERUVIANUS 110111311 #7 #424978 23. 188 66 1 PESSOAI 313130133 4 7 23. 128 57S PICADOI 113331333 1091] 910 25 1460152 32°40 5 Pictus 121111331 5=7 899 21-25 1572172 40-74 5

368-492 O—70 =

VENTRAL CoLoR?

+

+> +

42 BOTHROPS

PIRAJAI PRADOI PULCHER PUNCTATUS ROEVINGERI SANCTAECRUCIS SCHLEGELT1 SUPRACILIARIS

VENEZUELENSIS AANTHOGRAMMUS

SNOUT NORMAL

HEAD SCALES KEELED

INTERNASALS IN CONTACT SUPRAOCULAR LARGE

oOo —%

UPPER LABIAL IN PIT

WITH POSTOCULAR STRIPE

KEEL SHORTER THAN SCALE

TAIL PREHENSILE

SUBCAUDALS MOSTLY PAIRED

_—_— =

ACTUAL COUNTS

SCALES

BETWEEN DORSAL SUPRA- UPPER SCALE OCULARS LABIALS ROWS

5-7 8 23-27 10 7 23225 5-7 7 21-23 t 7 27 6-7 Llel2 23225 6 8 25 5-9 8-9 19-25

10 9-10 23

21-25 9-10 7 27

VENTRALS 1552164 191-207 156-174 202-203 179-2185 182 138-166 146

179-203 196

CAUDALS

43-52 56-70 47-64 82-88 43-48 57

47=62 46

48-63

54

DORSAL COLOR

N wa ur x x< + +

= —N +# | VENTRAL COLOR

-_

we Ww x x<

43 BOTHROPS

BOTHROPS ALBOCARINATUS Shreve

1934 Bothrops albocarinata Shreve, Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 8: 130. Type-locality: Rfo Pastaza, from Canelos to Rio Marafién, Ecuador.

Distribution: Rio Pastaza drainage, Ecuador.

BOTHROPS ALTERNATUS Duméril, Bibron and Duméril

1854 Bothrops alternatus Duméril, Bibron and Duméril, Erp. Gén., 7: 1512, pl. 82 bis, figs. l-la. Type-locality: Paraguay and South America.

1925 Lachesis inaequalis Magalh&es, Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 18: 153, pls. 7-12. Type-locality: Vila de Sao Lourengo, Lago a Dos Patos, Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

Distribution: Northern Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, and southeastern Brazil.

BOTHROPS ALTICOLUS Parker

1934 Bothrops alticola Parker, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.e, (10) 14: 272. Type-locality: Five km east of Loja, Ecuador, 9200 ft.

Distribution: Known only from type locality.

BOTHROPS AMMODYTOIDES Leybold

1873 Bothrops ammodytoides Leybold, Escursién a las Pampas Arjentinas; Hojas de mi Diario: 80. Type- locality: Northern Argentina.

1881 Rhinocerophis nasus Garman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 8: 85. Type-locality: Puerto San Antonio, Argentina.

1885 Bothrops patagonicus Miller, Verh. Naturforsch. Ges. Basel, 7: 697. Type-locality: Bahfa Blanca, Argentina.

1895 Bothrops burmeisteri Koslowsky, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 6: 369, pl. 4. Type-locality: Chilecito, La Rioja, Argentina.

Distribution: Provincia Tucumdn to Provincia Chubut, Argentina.

BOTHROPS ANDIANUS Amaral

1923 Bothrops andiana Amaral, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 8: 103. Type-locality: Machu Picchu, Departamento Cuzco, Peru, 8000-10,000 ft.

Distribution: Known only from Departamento Cuzco, Peru.

BOTHROPS ASPER (Garman)

1883 Irigonocephalus asper Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 8: 124. Type-locality: Obispo, Darién, Panama.

1885 Bothrops atrox septentrionalis Miller, Verh. Naturforsch. Ges. Basel, 7: 699. Type-locality: None givens recorded as Costa Grande, Guatemala, by Stuart, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 122, 1963, 129.

1966 Bothrops asper—Hoge, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 32 (1965): 113.

Distribution: Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico south on both Atlantic and Pacific slopes at lower elevations throughout Central America and Pacific slopes of Colombia and Ecuador.

44

A nnn nnn EEE

BOTHROPS

eee

BOTHROPS ATROX (Linnaeus)

1758 Coluber atrox Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, Ed. 10: 222. Type-locality: "Asia"; restricted to Surinam, according to Hoge, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 32, 1965 (1966), 113. ;

1824 Bothrops furia Wagler, in Spix, Sp. Nov. Serp. Brass: 52, pl. 20. Type-locality: Rio Amazon, Brazil?

1842 Bothrops Sabinii Gray, Zoological Miscellany: 47. Type-locality: Demerara, Guyana.

1842 Bothrops sybscutatus Gray, Zoological Miscellany: 47. Type-locality: Demerara, Guyana.

1849 Bothrops affinis Gray, Cat. Sn. Brit. Muses 7. Type-locality: Berbice; Demarara; Tropical America.

1934 8.[ othro s| Neuvoiedii Venezuelenzi Briceno, Bol. Ministerio Salubr. Agric. Cria, Venezuela, 1 (15): 46. Type-locality: Rto de Oro region, Venezuela.

Distribution: Tropical forests of Guianas, Venezuela, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia; also Misiones, Argentina.

BOTHROPS BARNETTI Parker

1938 Bothrops barnetti Parker, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (11) 2: 447. Type-locality: From mouths of Quebradas Honda and Perines, between Lobitos and Talaray northern Peru.

Distribution: Coast of northern Peru.

BOTHROPS BICOLOR Bocourt

1868 Bothrops bicolor Bocourt, Ann. Sci. Nat. Paris (5) 10: 202. Type-locality: Forests of St. Augustin, on western slope of Cordillera, Departamento de Solola, Guatemala, 610 m.

1878 Bothrops (Bothriechis) Bernoullii Miller, Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, 6: 399, pl. 3, fig. A. Type- locality: Volca&n Atitlan, Guatemala.

Distribution: Pacific foothills of Guatemala and Chiapas, Mexico.

BOTHROPS BILINEATUS (Wied)

1825 C.[ophias | bilineatus Wied, Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte von Brasilien, 1: 483. Type-locality: Villa Vigoza, = Maroba, according to Hoge and Lancini, Publ. Oce Mus. Cien. Nat. Caracas, Zool., 11, 1962, 17, on Rio Peruhype, Estado da Bahia, Brazil.

1854 Bothrops bilineatus—Duméril, Bibron and Duméril, Erp. Gén., 7: 1514.

Distribution: Amazonian South America; an isolated Atlantic slope population in Brazil.

Content: Two subspecies.

Key to the subspecies Clave de subespecies 1. Dorsum ground color green, with all scales 1. Dorso coloreado en verde, todas las escamas of head and back heavily dark-spotted; no de la cabeza y el dorso densamente mancha- vertical dark bars on upper labials------- das de oscuro; sin barras verticales oscu- errr nnn nnn smaragdinus ras en las labiales superiores-smaragdinus Color not as above--------------- bilineatus Coloracién no como el anterior---bilineatus

Bothrops bilineatus bilineatus (Wied)

1869 Trigonocephalus (Bothrops) arboreus Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soce, 11: 157. Type- locality: Bahfa, Brazil.

1966 Bothrops bilineatus bilineatus—Hoge, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 32 (1965): 114, pl. 1, fig. 1.

Distribution: Equatorial forests of Venezuela and Guianas; Territorio Federal Amapa,

Brazil; and isolated population in forests of Atlantic slope from Bahfa to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

45 BOTHROPS

Bothrops bilineatus smaragdinus Hoge

1966 Bothrops bilineatus smaragdinus Hoge, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 32 (1965): 114, pl. 1, figs. 2a-b. Type-locality: Upper Rio Perts, Estado do Amazonas, Brazil.

Distribution: Amazonian Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and Brazil; one specimen in Universidad Central, Caracas, from Territorio Amazonas, Venezuela, fits description of this subspecies, according to Abdem Lancini-

BOTHROPS BRAZILI Hoge

1953 Bothrops brazili Hoge, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 25: 15, figs. 1-6 and 7b. Type-locality: Tomé Assd on Rio Acara-Mirim, Estado do Para, Brazil.

Distribution: Probably throughout equatorial forests; known from Venezuela, Guianas, and Colombia, as well as Pard, Amazonas, and extreme northern Mato Grosso, Brazil.

BOTHROPS CASTELNAUD! Duméril, Bibron and Duméril

1854 Bothrops Castelnaudi Duméril, Bibron and Duméril, Erp. Gén., 7: 1511. Type-locality: Not designated; Guichenot, in Castelnau, Expédition dans les Parties Centrales de 1'Amerique du Sud, Reptiles, 1855, 76, gave type locality as "Province du Goyaz", now Estado de Goias, Brazil.

1854 Atropos Castelnautii—Duméril, Bibron and Duméril (in error for castelnaudi Duméril, Bibron and Duméril), Erp. Géne, 9: 388.

1860 Bothriéchis Castelnaui—Cope (in error for castelnaudi Duméril, Bibron and Duméril), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.e, 1860: 345.

1861 Bothriopsis guadriscutatus Peters, Monats. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1861: 359. Type-locality: Quito, Ecuador; in error, according to Peters, Rev. Ecuat. Ent. Parasit., 2, 1955, 347.

1871 Bothriopsis castelnavii—Cope (in error for castelnaudi Duméril, Bibron and Duméril), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1871: 209.

1889 Thanatophis montanus Posada-Arango, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1889: 344. Type-locality: Mountains of Antioquia, Colombia, 2200 m.

1966 [ Both ops} guadricarinatus Hoge (in error for quadriscutatus Peters), Mem. Inst. Butantan, 32 1965): 118.

Distribution: Equatorial forests of Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.

BOTHROPS COLOMBIENSIS (Hallowell)

1845 Trigonocephalus Colombiensis Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1845: 246. Type-locality: "Republic of Colombia, within two hundred miles of Caracas", 1966 Bothrops colombiensis—Hoge, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 32 (1965): 164.

Distribution: Northern Venezuela except altitudes above 2500 m.

BOTHROPS COTIARA (Gomes)

1913 Lachesis cotiara Gomes, Ann. Paulistas Med. Cirurge, l: 65, pl. 8, figs. 1-6. Type-locality: Nucleo Colonial Cruz Machado, Marechal Mallet, Estado do Parana, Brazil.

1925 Bothrops cotiara—Amaral, Contrib. Harvard Inst. Trop. Biol. Med., 2: 53.

1959 Bothrops cotiara—Hoge and Belluomini, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 28 (1957-1958): 196, figs. 3-8.

Distribution: Araucaria forests of Argentina and Brazil.

BOTHROPS ERYTHROMELAS Amaral

1923 Bothrops erythromelas Amaral, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 8: 96. Type-locality: Near Joazeiro, Estado da Bahia, Brazil.

Distribution: Areas of Caatinga vegetation en Brazil.

46 BOTHROPS

BOTHROPS FONSECA! Hoge and Belluomini

1959 Bothrops fonsecai Hoge and Belluomini, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 28 (1957-1958): 195, figs. 1-5 and 9. Type-locality: Santo Antonio do Capivary, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Distribution: Northeastern Sao Paulo, southern Rio de Janeiro and extreme southern Minas Gerais, Brazil.

BOTHROPS GODMANI (Gtnther)

1863 Bothriechis godmanni Giinther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (3) 12: 364, pl. 6, fig. G. Type-locality: Duenas and other parts of tableland of Guatemala.

1868 Bothrops Brammianus Bocourt, Ann. Sci. Nat. Paris, (5) 10: 201. Type-locality: San Lucas, Guatemala, 1558 m.

1878 Bothrops (Bothriopsis) godmanni—MUller, Verh. Naturforsch. Ges. Basel, 6: 402, pl. 3, fig. B.

1880 Bothriechis scutigera Fischer, Arch. ftir Naturg., 46 (1): 218, pl. 8, figs. 8-9. Type-locality: Guatemala.

1883 Bothriechis trianguligera Fischer, Oster=Programm Akad. Gymnasiums Hamburg, 1833: 13. Type- locality: Guatemala.

Distribution: Oaxaca and Chiapas, Mexico to Panama at moderate to high elevations.

BOTHROPS HYOPRORUS Amaral

1935 Bothrops hyoprora Amaral, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 9: 222, figs. 7-8. Type-locality: La Pedrera, Colombia.

Distribution: Equatorial forests of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and western Brazil.

BOTHROPS IGLESIAS! Amaral

1923 Bothrops iglesiasi Amaral, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 8: 97. Type-locality: Near Fazenda Grande on right bank of Rio Gurgueia, Estado do Piaut, Brazil.

Distribution: Known only from northern Piaut, Brazil.

BOTHROPS INSULARIS (Amaral)

1921 Lachesis insularis Amaral, Anex. Mem. Inst. Butantan, 1: 18, pls. 3-4, figs. 1-5. Type-locality: Isla Queimada Grande, Estado de Sao Paulo, Brazil. 1929 Bothrops insularis—Amaral, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 4: 114.

Distribution: Queimada Grande Island, Brazil.

BOTHROPS ITAPETININGAE (Boulenger)

1907 Lachesis itapetiningae Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7) 20: 338. Type-locality: Itapetininga, Estado de S& Paulo, Brazil.

1929 Bothrops itapetiningae—Amaral, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 4: 235.

Distribution: Southeastern Brazil.

BOTHROPS JARARACA (Wied)

1824 Cophias jajaraca Wied (later emended to jararaca), Isis von Oken, 15: 1103. Type-locality: None mentioned; later given as Mucurt, Lagoa d'Arara, Brazil, by Wied, Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte von Brasilien, 1, 1825, 481.

1824 Bothrops Megaera Wagler (preoccupied by Bothrops megaera Shaw, 1802), in Spix, Sp. Nov. Serp. Bras.: 50, pl. 19. Type-locality: Bahia, Brazil.

47 BOTHROPS

BOTHROPS JARARACA (Wied), continued

1824 Bothrops leucostigma Wagler, in Spix, Sp. Nov. Serp. Bras.: 53, pl. 21, fig. 1. Type-locality: Bahta, Brazil.

1824 Bothrops tessellatus Wagler, in Spix, Sp. Nove Serp. Bras.: 54, pl. 21, fig. 2. Type-locality: Rio San Francisco, Brazil.

1824 Bothrops taeniatus Wagler, in Spix, Sp. Nove Serp. Bras.: 55, pl. 21, fige 3+ Type-locality: Rio Amazonas, Brazil.

1825 ef 2 phias s | Jararakka Wied, Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte von Brasilien, 1: 470. Type-locality: ot mentioned.

1830 been Jararaca—Wagler, Nat. Syst. Amphe: 174.

1925 Bothrops jararaca—Amaral, Cont. Harvard Inst. Trop. Biol. Med., 2: 42; pl. 23; ple 4, figse 2-2'3 pl. GA, figs. 2-2"3 pl. 7, figs. 2-2!'.

Distribution: Brazil from central Minas Gerais south; Paraguay; Misiones, Argentina.

BOTHROPS JARARACUSSU Lacerda

1884 Bothrops jararacussu Lacerda, Légons sur le Venin des Serpents du Brésil: 8. Type-locality: Province of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

1925 Bothrops jararacussu—Amaral, Cont. Harvard Inst. Trop. Biol. Med., 2: 43, pl. 3; pl. 4, figs. 3-3'; pl. 6A, figs. 3-3'; pl. 7, figs. 3-3'.

Distribution: Northeastern Argentina in Misiones, southern Bolivia, Paraguay and Brazil from southern Minas Gerais southward.

BOTHROPS LANSBERGII (Schlegel)

1841 Trigonocephalus lansbergii Schlegel, Mag. Zool. Rept., (1-3), pl. 1. Type-locality: Turbaco, Colombia. 1860 T.| eleuraspis| Castelnaui var. brachystoma Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859: 339. Type- ocality:, Unknown. 1863 B.| othrops ]Lansbergi—Jan, Elenco Sist. Ofidi: 127. 1889 Thanatophis sutus Posada Arango, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1889: 344. Type-locality: Zea, Colombia.

Distribution: Discontinuous; Caribbean Venezuela and Colombia; Honduras. Content: Three subspecies.

Comment: No recent author has indicated with which subspecies should be associated the synonyms here listed.

Key to the subspecies Clave de subespecies 1. Ventrals more than 146-------------------- 2 1. Ventrales mas de 146----------~----------- 2 Ventrals menos de 146----------------- rozei Ventrales menos de 146---------------- rozei 2. Snout raised sharply upward------ lansbergii 2. Hocico levantado bruscamente hacia arriba-- Snout not at all turned up in front-------- 9000 -2-9---nn nnn nnn nnn nnn nnn nena n- lansbergii --------------------------------- annectens Hocico no levantado hacia arriba--annectens

Bothrops lansbergii lansbergii (Schlegel)

1959 B.[ othrops | 1.[ ansbergii lansbergii—Roze, Amer. Mus. Novitates, 1934: ll.

Distribution: Arid and semi-arid regions of Caribbean coast in Colombia.

48 BOTHROPS

Bothrops lansbergii annectens (Schmidt) 1936 Irimeresurus lansbergii annectens Schmidt, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 49: 50. Type- locality: Subirana Valley, Yoro, Honduras, 2800 ft. 1966 Bothrops lansbergii annectens—Hoge, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 32 (1955): 123.

Distribution: Honduras.

Bothrops lansbergii rozei Peters 1959 Bothrops lansbergii venezuelensis Roze (preoccupied by Bothrops venezuelensis Sandner), Amer. Mus. Novitates, 1934: ll. Type-locality: Caripito, Monagas, Venezuela, 50. 1968 Bothrops lansbergii rozei Peters (replacement name for Bothrops venezuelensis Roze), Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 81: 320.

Distribution: Northern Venezuela.

BOTHROPS LATERALIS (Peters) 1863 Bothriechis lateralis Peters, Monats. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1862: 674. Type-locality: Veragua and Volcan Barba, Costa Rica. 1878 Bothrops (Bothriechis) lateralis—Miller, Verh. Naturforsch. Ges. Basel, 6: 401. 1951 Bothrops lateralis—Taylor, Univ. Kansas Scie Bull., 34: 175.

Distribution: Costa Rica and Panama.

BOTHROPS LICHENOSUS Roze

1958 Bothrops lichenosa Roze, Acta. Biol. Venezuélica, 2: 308, three figs. Type-locality: Chimanta Tepui, Estado Bolfvar, Venezuela.

Distribution: Known only from type locality.

BOTHROPS LOJANUS Parker

1930 Bothrops lojana Parker, Ann. Mag. Nat. Histey, 5 (10 : 568. Type-locality: Loja, Provincia de Loja, Ecuador, 2200 m.

Distribution: Known only from vicinity of type locality.

BOTHROPS MARAJOENSIS Hoge

1966 Bothrops mara joensis Hoge, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 32 (1965): 123. Type-locality: Severino, Mara jé Island, Estado do Para, Brazil.

Distribution: Known only from savannah of Marajé, Brazil.

BOTHROPS MEDUSA (Sternfeld)

1920 Lachesis medusa Sternfeld, Senckenbergiana, 2: 180, figs. 1-2. Type-locality: Caracas, Venezuela.

1929 Bothrops medusa—Amaral, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 4: 236.

Distribution: Cordillera de la Costa, Distrito Federal and Estados de Aragua and Carabubo, Venezuela.

49 BOTHROPS

BOTHROPS MICROPHTHALMUS Cope

1876 Bothrops microphthalmus Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2) 8 (1875): 182. Type-locality: Between Balso Puerto and Moyabamba, Peru.

Distribution: Amazonian lowlands of Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia; Pacific slopes of Colombia.

Content: Two subspecies.

Key to the subspecies Clave de subespecies 1. Ventrals more than 165; scale rows 25 or 1. Ventrales mas de 165; hileras de escamas Or M0req------------------=---- colombianus 25 0 mas----------------------- colombianus Ventrals fewer than 165; scale rows fewer Ventrales menos de 165; hileras de escamas than 29---<--------------=--= microphthalmus menos de 25----------------- microphthalmus

Bothrops microphthalmus microphthalmus Cope 1912 Lachesis pleuroxanthus Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8) 10: 423. Type-locality: Alpayaca, Rio Pastaza, eastern Ecuador, 3600 ft. 1940 [ Bothrops microphthalmus microphthalmus |—Rendahl and Vestergren (by inference), Ark. fOr Zool., 33A: 15.

Distribution: Amazonian lowlands of Ecuador, Peru, and one locality in Bolivia.

Bothrops microphthalmus colombianus Rendahl and Vestergren

1940 Bothrops microphthalmus colombianus Rendahl and Vestergren, Ark. fOr Zool., 33A: 15. Type-locality: La Costa, Cauca, Colombia.

Distribution: Pacific slope of Colombia.

BOTHROPS MOOQJENI Hoge

1966 Bothrops moojeni Hoge, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 32 (1965): 126, pl. 4; pl. 5, figs 2. Type-locality: Brasilia, Distrito Federal, Brazil.

Distribution: Known only from type locality.

BOTHROPS NASUTUS Bocourt

1868 Bothrops nasutus Bocourt, Ann. Sci. Nat. Paris (5) 10: 202. Type-locality: Panzos, on banks of Rio Polochicy Guatemala.

1876 Bothriopsis proboscideus Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philas, (2) 8 (1875): 150, pl. 27, fig. 3. Type-locality: Sipurio, Costa Rica. Distribution: Vera Cruz, Mexico, south on east coast of Central America to Pacific Colombia and Ecuador.

BOTHROPS NEUWIED! Wagler

1824 Bothrops neuwiedi Wagler, in Spix, Sp. Nov. Serp. Bras.: 56, pl. 22, fige 1. Type-locality: Estado da Bahtfa, Brazil.

1824 Bothrops leucurus Wagler, in Spix, Sp. Nov. Serp. Bras.: 57, pl. 22, fig. 2. Type-locality: Bahia, Brazil.

Distribution: East of Andes and north of 10°S in South America. Content: Twelve subspecies.

Comment: We have not been able to devise a satisfactory key to the subspecies, and the user will have to consult the original descriptions of the taxa to make an identification.

6000 Ee EEE

BOTHROPS

Bothrops neuwiedi neuwiedi Wagler 1925 Bothrops neuwiedii neuwiedii—Amaral, Contr. Harvard Inst. Trop. Biol. Med., 2: 57.

Distribution: Southern Bahia, Brazil.

Bothrops neuwiedi bolivianus Amaral

1927 Bothrops neuwiedii boliviana Amaral, Bull. Antivenin Inst. America, 1: 6, fig. 2. Type- locality: Buenavista, Provincia del Sara, Departamento Santa Cruz de la Sierra,

Bolivia.

Distribution: Departamento Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia; extreme western part of Estado de Mato Grosso, Brazil.

Bothrops neuwiedi diporus Cope

1862 Bothrops diporus Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 14: 347. Type-locality: Vermejo River region; given as region of Rfo Vermejo, on boundary of Paraguay and Argentina, by Cochran, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 220, 1961, 151.

1930 Bothrops neuwiedii meridionalis Amaral (ete aae by Bothrops neuwiedii meridionalis Miller), Bull. Antivenin Inst. America, 4 (3): 66, fig. 1. Type-locality:

Embarcacién, Salta, Argentina. 1961 Bothrops neuwiedii diporus—Cochran, Bull. U.S. Nat. Muse, 220: 151.

Distribution: Central and northern Argentina, southern Paraguay and Estado do Parana,

Brazil. Bothrops neuwiedi goyazensis Amaral

1925 Bothrops neuwiedii goyazensis Amaral, Contr. Harvard Inst. Trop. Biol. Med., 2: 58, pl. 14, figs 33 pl. 15, fig. 3. Type-locality: Ipamery, Goids, Brazil.

Distribution: Known only from type locality.

Bothrops neuwiedi lutzi (Miranda-Ribeiro)

1915 Lachesis lutzi Miranda-Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 17: 4, pl. Type-locality: Rio So Francisco, Bahfa, Brazil.

1925 Bothrops neuwiedii bahiensis Amaral, Contr. Harvard Inst. Trop. Biol. Med., 2: 57, pl. 14, fig. 1, and pl. 15, fig. 1. Type-locality: Itiuba, Bahfa, Brazil.

1929 Bothrops neuwiedii lutzi—Amaral, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 4: 238.

Distribution: Ory regions of Bahfa, Brazil.

Bothrops neuwiedi mattogrossensis Amaral

1925 Bothrops neuwiedii mattogrossensis Amaral, Contr. Harvard Inst. Trop. Biol. Med., 2: 60, pl. 14, fige 6; pl. 16, fig. 6. Type-locality: Miranda, Estado de Mato Grosso, Brazil.

Distribution: Southern Mato Grosso, Brazil.

Bothrops neuwiedi meridionalis Muller

1885 Bothrops atrox meridionalis Muller, Verh. Naturforsch. Ges. Basel, 7: 699. Type-locality: Andarat, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

1933 Bothrops neuwiedii fluminensis Amaral, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 7 (1932): 97, fige 1. Type- locality: Easternmost section of Rio de Janeiro, near Cabo S80 Thome, Brazil. 1966 Bothrops neuwidi meridionalis—Hoge, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 32 (1965): 128.

Distribution: Rio de Janeiro, Guanabara and Espirito Santo, Brazil.

il BOTHROPS

Bothrops neuwiedi parangensis Amaral

1925 Bothrops neuwiedii paranaensis Amaral, Contr. Harvard Inst. Trop. Biol. Med., 2: 6Gleple 14, fig. 73 pl. 16, figs 7- Type-locality: Castro, Parana, Brazil.

Distribution: Estado do Paranda, Brazil.

Bothrops neuwiedi pauloensis Amaral

1925 Bothrops neuwiedii pauloensis Amaral, Contr. Harvard Inst. Trop. Biol. Med., 2: 59, pl. 14, fig. 5; ple 16, fig. 5. Type-locality: Leme, S& Paulo, Brazil.

Distribution: Southern parts of Estado de SH Paulo, Brazil.

Bothrops neuwiedi piauhyensis Amaral

1925 Bothrops neuwiedii piauhyensis Amaral, Contr. Harvard Inst. Trop. Biol. Med., 2: 58, pl. 14, figs 2; pl. 15, fig. 2. Type-locality: Fazenda Grande, Piauf, Brazil.

Distribution: Piaut, Pernambuco, Estado do Ceara and southern Maranhdo, Brazil.

Bothrops neuwiedi pubescens (Cope)

1870 Trigonocephalus (Bothrops) pubescens Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 11 (1869): 157- Type- locality: Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

1925 Bothrops neuwiedii riograndensis Amaral, Contr. Harvard Inst. Trop. Biol. Med., 2: 61, pl. 14, fig. 8; pl. 16, fig. 8. Type-locality: Itaquy, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. 1959 Bothrops neuwiedii pubescens—Hoge, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 28 (1957-1958): 84.

Distribution: Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Uruguay.

Bothrops neuwiedi urutu Lacerda

1884 Bothrops urutu Lacerda, Lec. Ven. Serp. Brésil: 11, pl. 3. Type-locality: Provincia de Minas Gerais, now Estado de Minas Gerais, Brazil. 1937 Bothrops neuwiedii urutu—Amaral, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 10 (1936): 160.

Distribution: Southern Minas Gerais and northern Sdo Paulo, Brazil.

BOTHROPS NIGROVIRIDIS (Peters)

1859 Bothriechis nigroviridis Peters, Monats. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1859: 278, fig. 4. Type-locality: Volcan Barba, Costa Rica. 1878 Bothrops (Bothriechis) nigroviridis—Miuller, Verh. Naturforsch. Ges. Basel, 6: 401.

Distribution: Chiapas, Mexico to Panama.

Content: Three subspecies.

Key to the subspecies Clave de subespecies 1. Ventrals more than 150-------------------- 2 1. Ventrales mas de 150---------------------- 2 Ventrals fewer than 150-------- nigroviridis Ventrales menos de 150--------- nigroviridis

2. Dorsum uniform, scales with narrow black 2. Dorso uniforme, escamas con bordes negros

edges; no temporal streak---------- marchii angostos; sin estrfa temporal------ marchii Dorsum green with scattered yellow spots; Dorso verde con manchas amarillas dispersas; black streak! on temporal ——------——— aurifer con estrfa negra en el temporal----aurifer

52 se

BOTHROPS

i —————————

Bothrops nigroviridis nigroviridis (Peters)

1929 Bothrops nigroviridis nigroviridis—Barbour and Loveridge, Bull. Antivenin Inst. America, 33) Tie

Distribution: Costa Rica to Panama.

Bothrops nigroviridis aurifer (Salvin) 1860 Thamnocenchris aurifer Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1860: 459, pl. 32, figs l- Type- locality: Coban, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala. 1878 Bothrops aurifer—Muller, Verh. Naturforsch. Ges. Basel, 6: 401. 1929 Bothrops nigroviridis aurifera—Barbour and Loveridge, Bull. Antivenin Inst. America, 3: l.

Distribution: Caribbean slope from Chiapas, Mexico to Guatemala.

Bothrops nigroviridis marchii Barbour and Loveridge

1929 Bothrops nigroviridis marchii Barbour and Loveridge, Bull. Antivenin Inst. America, 3: 2, fig. 1. Type-locality: Quimistan, Santa Barbara, Honduras.

Distribution: Vicinity of type locality. Comment: Although not listed by Hoge as a valid subspecies of nigroviridis by Hoge, Mem.

Inst. Butantan, 32, 1965 (1966), 129, neither is it given as a synonym of any other taxon. Since it apparently has not been synonymized with any existing taxon, we list it here.

BOTHROPS NUMMIFER (Rtppell)

1845 Atropos nummifer Ruppell, Verh. Mus. Senckenberg, 3: 313. Type-locality: Mexico; restricted o Teapa, Tabasco, Mexico, by Burger, Bull. Chicago Acad. Scie, 9, 1950, 65. 1863 B.|othrops | nummifer—Jan, Elenco Sist. Ofidi: 126. Distribution: Southeastern edge of Mexican Plateau in San Luis Potosi and Oaxaca to Costa Rica.

Content: Three subspecies, one of which (the nominate subspecies) is extralimital.

Key to the subspecies Clave de subespecies l. Lateral spots vertically elongate and many 1. Manchas laterales alargadas verticalmente fused with dorsal blotches------- mexicanus y muchas fusionadas con los bloques Lateral spots rounded, very few fused with dorsales------------------------- mex icanus dorsal blotches==————=—— === occ iduus Manchas laterales redondeadas, muy pocas fusionadas con los bloques dorsales------- aaa aad occiduus

Bothrops nummifer mexicanus (Duméril, Bibron and Dumér il)

1854 Atropos Mexicanus Duméril, Bibron and Duméril, Erp. Gén., 7 (part 2): 1521, pl. 83 bis, figs. 1-2. Type-locality: Cobdn, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala.

1880 Bothriechis nummifer var. notata Fischer, Arch. fiir Naturg., 46: 222, pl. 8, figs. 10-12. Type locality: Coban, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala.

1882 Bothrops mexicanus—Muller, Verh. Naturforsch. Ges. Basel, 7: 154.

1952 Bothrops nummifer mexicanus—Mertens, Abh. Senckenberg Naturforsch. Ges., 487: 79.

Distribution: Lower elevations on Caribbean slope from extreme southern Mexico to Panama.

53 BOTHROPS

Bothrops nummifer occiduus Hoge 1868 Bothrops affinis Bocourt (preoccupied by Bothrops affinis Gray, 1849), Ann. Sci. Nat. Paris, (5) 10: 201. Type-locality: San Augustin, on south slope of mountains, in Guatemala, 610 m. 1963 Bothrops nummifer affinis—Stuart, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 122: 130. 1966 Bothrops nummifer occiduus Hoge (replacement name for Bothrops affinis Bocourt), Mem. Inst. Butantan, 32 (1965): 130.

Distribution: Pacific slope, Guatemala to El Salvador; possibly in Chiapas, Mexico.

BOTHROPS OLIGOLEPIS (Werner) 1901 Lachesis bilineatus var. oligolepis Werner, Abh. Ber. Mus. Dresden, 9 (2): 13. Type-locality: Bolivia. 1912 Lachesis chloromelas Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8) 10: 423. Type-locality: Huancabamba, eastern Peru, above 3000 ft. 1926 Bothrops chrysomelas Amaral (in error for chloromelas Boulenger), Ann. Carnegie Mus., 16: 320.

Distribution: Peru and Bolivia.

BOTHROPS OPHRYOMEGAS Bocourt

1868 Bothrops ophryomegas Bocourt, Ann. Sci. Nat. Paris, (5) 10: 201. Type-locality: Warm regions on western (actually southern) slope of Cordillera, Escuintla, Guatemala.

Distribution: Pacific slope of Central America from western Guatemala to Panama.

BOTHROPS PERUVIANUS (Boulenger)

1903 Lachesis peruvianus Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7) 12: 354. Type-locality: La Oroya and Carabaya, southeastern Peru. 1929 Bothrops peruviana—Amaral, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 4: 240.

Distribution: Southeastern Peru.

BOTHROPS PESSOAI Prado

1939 Bothrops pessoai Prado, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 12 (1938-1939): 2. Type-locality: Rio Parauary, Estado do Amazonas, Brazil. 1948 Trimeresurus pessoai—Hoge, Bol. Mus. Paraense E. Goeldi, 10: 325.

Distribution: Known only from type locality.

BOTHROPS PICADOI (Dunn)

1939 Irimeresurus nummifer picadoi Dunn, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 52: 165. Type-locality: La Palma, Costa Rica, 4500 ft.

1945 Bothrops picadoi—Smith and Taylor, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 187: 183. 1951 Bothrops picadoi—Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 34: 180.

Distribution: Central Plateau of Costa Rica and surrounding mountains.

BOTHROPS PICTUS (Tschudi) 1845 L.[achesis] picta Tschudi, Arch. fiir Naturg., 1l: 166 (fig. 10 in Fauna Peruana, 1845). Type- locality: High mountains of Peru.

1863 B.[ othrops| pictus—Jan, Elenco Sist. Ofidi: 126.

Distribution: Coastal region of Peru to 1800 m.

54 BOTHROPS

BOTHROPS PIRAJAI Amaral 1923 Bothrops pirajai Amaral, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 8: 99. Type-locality: Ilhéus, Estado da Bahia, Brazil.

1923 Bothrops neglecta Amaral, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 8: 100. Type-locality: Bahta, Brazil.

Distribution: Known only from southern Bahta, Brazil.

BOTHROPS PRADO! (Hoge)

1948 Trimeresurus pradoi Hoge, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 20 (1947): 193. Type-locality: Pau Gigante, Estado do Espirito Santo, Brazil. 1966 Bothrops pradoi—Hoge, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 32 (1965): 132, pl. 8.

Distribution: Espfrito Santo to southern Bahia, Brazil.

BOTHROPS PULCHER (Peters) 1862 Trigonocephalus pulcher Peters, Monats Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1862: 672. Type-locality: Quito, Ecuador; in error, according to Peters, Rev. Ecuat. Ent. Parasite, 2, 1955, 347.

1929 Bothrops pulchra—Amaral, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 4: 240.

Distribution: Equatorial forests in Amazonian lowlands of Ecuador and Peru.

BOTHROPS PUNCTATUS (Gareta)

1896 Lachesis punctata Garcta, Los Ofidios Venenosas de Cauca, Cali, Colombia: 31, fig. 8. Type- locality: Las Montafas de Dagua, Colombia.

1910 Lachesis Monticellii Peracca, An. Mus. Napoli, 3 (12): 2. Type-locality: Unknown; "America tropicale".

1923 Bothrops leptura Amaral, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 8: 102. Type-locality: Cana, eastern Panama, 3000 ft. 1944 Bothrops punctatus—Dunn, Caldasia, 3: 215.

Distribution: Darién of Panama to northwestern Ecuador.

BOTHROPS ROEDINGERI Mertens

1942 Bothrops roedingeri Mertens, Beitrage zur Fauna Perus, ll: 284. Type-locality: Hacienda Huayri, Peru.

Distribution: Desert region, Pacific coast of Peru.

BOTHROPS SANCTAECRUCIS Hoge

1966 Bothrops sanctaecrucis Hoge, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 32 (1965): 133, pl. 9. Type-locality: Oromomoy Rfo Secure, upper Rio Beni, Bolivia.

Distribution: Amazonian lowlands of Bolivia.

BOTHROPS SCHLEGELI! (Berthold)

1846 Trigonocephalus schlegelii Berthold, Nachr. Univ. Ges. Wiss. G8ttingen: 147. Type-locality: Popayan; indicated to be Popayan, Colombia by Dunn and Stuart, Copeia, 1954, 56.

1859 Lachesis nitidus Giinther, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1859: 414, pl. 20, fig. C. Type-locality: Western Andes of Ecuador.

1863 B.[othrops| Schlegeli—Jan, Elenco Sist. Ofidi: 127. 1870 Bothrops (Te euraspis) nigroadspersus Steindachner, Sitz. Math.-Natur. Cl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 62:

348, pl. 8. Type-locality: Central America.

1889 Thanatophis torvus Posada Arango, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1889: 345. Type-locality: Antioquia, Colombia.

1951 Bothrops schlegeli—Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 34: 173. 1966 Bothrops schlegelli—Hoge (in error for schlegelii ramen Mem. Inst. Butantan, 32 (1965): 134.

Distribution: Southern Mexico to Pacific Ecuador; mountains of Urefia, Estado de Tachira, Caribbean Venezuela.

55 BOTHROPS

BOTHROPS SUPRACILIARIS Taylor

1954 Bothrops schlegelii supraciliaris Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 36: 791, fige 39. Type- locality: Mountains near San Isidro del General, San José Province, Costa Rica.

1963 [Bothrops supraciliaris |—Stuart, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Miche, 122: 131.

Distribution: Known only from type locality.

BOTHROPS VENEZUELENSIS Sandner Montilla

1952 Bothrops venezuelensis Sandner Montilla, Mon. Cien. Inst. Terap. Exp. Lab. "Veros" Ltda., 21 (9): 4. Type-locality: "Boca de Tigre", Serrania de El Avila, Distrito Federal al Norte de Caracas, Venezuela.

1961 Bothrops pifanoi Sandner Montilla and Romer, Nove Cien. Contr. Ocas. Mus. Hist. Nat. La Salle, 29: 3, figs. 1-4. Type-locality: Serranta de el Avila, El Papeldén, Venezuela.

1961 Bothrops venezuelae Sandner Montilla, Mon. Cien. Centr. Ocas. Mus. Hist. Nat. La Salle, Caracas, Zool., 30: 3. Type-locality: Serranfa de El Avila, Venezuela.

Distribution: Northern and central part of Venezuela, including Avila Mountain, western mountains of los Tigres, forests of Rancho Grande and Fila Miranda, Estado de Aragua and forests of Guatopo, Estado Miranda; Estados Trujillo and Sucre.

BOTHROPS XANTHOGRAMMUS (Cope)

1868 Trigonocephalus xanthogrammus Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868: 110. Type-locality: Pallatanga, Ecuador.

1889 Bothrops quadriscutatus Posada Arango (preoccupied by quadriscutatus Peters, 1861), Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1889: 345. Type-locality: Antioquia, Colombia.

1929 Bothrops xanthogramma—Amaral, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 4: 241.

1966 Bothrops xantogrammus—Hoge (in error for xanthogrammus Cope), Mem. Inst. Butantan, 32 (1965): 135.

Distribution: Highlands of Ecuador; doubtful in Colombia.

INCERTAE SEDIS

Comment: The following taxa have not been included by Klemmer or Hoge in their recent lists of Neotropical Viperids. Boulenger, Cat. Sn. Brit. Mus., 3, 1896, 535, included all in the synonymy of his composite species Lachesis lanceolatus, a taxon now regarded as endemic to Martinique. These taxa are probably all synonymous with one of following: atrox, jararaca, jararacussu, and some could take priority over the latter two.

1788 Coluber ambiguus Gmelin, Systema Naturae, Ed. 12: 1104. Type-locality: America.

1789 C.| oluber} Tigrinus Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. Serp., 2: 82. Type-locality: Unknown.

1789 C.| oluber| Brasiliensis Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. Serpe, 2: 98. Type-locality: Brazil.

1802 Vipera brasiliniana Latreille (emendation of brasiliensis Lacepéde), Hist. Nat. Rept., 4

1803 Vipera Weigeli Daudin (substitute name for Coluber ambiguus Gmelin), Hist. Nat. Rept., 6: Type-locality: America.

1821 Cophias holosericeus Wied, Reise nach Brasilien, 2: 243. Type-locality: None given.

1842 Bothrops cinereus Gray, Zoological Miscellany: 47. Type-locality: America.

1863 B.| othrops| atrox var. dirus Jan, Elenco Sist. Ofidi: 126. Type-locality: Buenos Aires, Mexico, and Orizaba; restricted to Buenos Aires, Argentina, by Smith and Taylor, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 187, 1945, 180.

56 REPTILIA: SERPENTES: COLUBRIDAE Kk * CALAMODONTOPHIS

CALAMODONTOPHIS Amaral 1935 Calamodon Amaral (preoccupied by Calamodon Cope, 1875), Mem. Inst. Butantan, 9: 203. Type- species: Calamodon paucidens Amaral. 1963 Calamodontophis Amaral (substitute name for Calamodon Amaral), Copeiay 1963: 580. Distribution: As for single known species.

Content: One species.

CALAMODONTOPHIS PAUCIDENS (Amaral)

1935 Galamodon paudicens Amaral, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 9: 204, fig. 1. Type-locality: S. Simao, Rfo Grande do Sul, Brazil.

1963 [ Calamodontophis paucidens—Amaral, Copeia, 1963: 580.

Distribution: Known only from Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

57 REPTILIA: SERPENTES: COLUBRIDAE xk KK CHER SODROMUS

CHERSODROMUS Reinhardt

1860 Chersodromus Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren. Kjdbenhavn, 1860: 242. Type-species Chersodromus Liebmanni Reinhardt. 1861 Opisthiodon Peters, Monats. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1861: 460. Type-species: Opisthiodon

torquatus Peters.

Distribution: Mexico to Guatemala.

Content: Two species, one (annulatus Zweifel) extralimital. Scott, Copeia, 1967, 281, considered annulatus to be synonymous with Tropidodipsas annulifera Boulenger.

CHERSODROMUS LIEBMANNI Reinhardt

1860 Chersodromus Liebmanni Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren. K jdbenhavn, 1860: 243. Type-locality: Mexico; restricted to Cuautlapan, Veracruz, Mexico by Smith and Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 33, 1950, 347.

1860 Chersodromus nigricans Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren. K jobenhavn, 1860: 245, Type-locality: Mexico; restricted to Cuautlapdén, Veracruz, Mexico by Smith and Taylor, Unive Kansas Sci. Bull., 33, 1950, 347.

1861 Opisthiodon torquatus Peters, Monats. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1861: 461. Type-locality: Huanusco, in error for Huatusco, Veracruz, Mexico.

1900 Dirosema collare Werner, Zool. Anz., 23: 197, Figs. 3-5. Type-locality: Mexico; restricted to Cuautlapan, Veracruz, Mexico by Smith and Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 33, 1950, 347.

Distribution: Mexico to Guatemala.

368492 O—70

5

58

REPTILIA: SERPENTES: COLUBR IDAE

CHIRONIUS Fitzinger

l.

2.

wi

.

~

9.

10

1826 Chironius Fitzinger, Neue Classification der Reptilien, 31.

Linnaeus.

1826 Erpetodryas Boie, in Férussac, Bull. Sci. Nat. Geol., Parissoseone

nated.

*

CHIRONIUS

Type-species: Coluber carinatus

Type-species: Not desig-

1830 Herpetodryas Wagler (emendation of Erpetodryas Boie), Nat. Syst. Amph.: 180.

1830 Macrops Wagler, Nat. Syst. Amph.: 182. 1843 Hylophis Fitzinger, Systema Reptilium: 26.

Cope.

Distribution:

Content: Sixteen species. Key to the species

With? ten scalie rows: at. midbody--=-—--—--==--—=—= 2 With twelve scale rows at midbody------------ ll Anal single----------------------------------- 3 Anal divided---------------------------------- 6 Ground color reddish, brownish or yellowish---4 Ground color green, blue or black-------- fuscus Dorsal scales smooth; fewer than 40 maxillary

teeth------------ 9 -- = nnn nnn nnn nnn 5 At least two rows of dorsal scales keeled;

4-45 maxiiiary teeth=—=-—---=<------—==—— fuscus

Ground color reddish cinnamon; light supra- labials; eight scale rows at level of anus---- wn rn renner cinnamomeus

Ground color brownish-yellow; dark supra- labials; ten scale rows at level of anus------

sn saa scurrulus Paravertebral scales lack pits throughout Length! of body=—-———=——— === == a 7 Paravertebral scales with prominent apical pits

throughout length of body------------- foveatus Caudalsifewer than 135=======--=---=---—==-===— 8 Caudals more than 136------------------------- 9

Temporals 2 + 2; all dorsal scales keeled with exception of paravertebrals and lowermost row-

on nn nnn grandisguamis Temporals 1 + 23; only two paravertebral rows keeled------------------------------ schlueteri

Not black dorsally; lower surface of tail not same color as dorsum; usually two secondary temporal s—------ 99 rrr nnn 10 Dorsum black; lower surface of tail also black, same color as dorsum; usually one secondary temporal —=---= $5 a nr re melas .Dorsal scale rows ten immediately anterior to vent; 30-41 maxillary teeth; 153-172 ventrals; outer tips of subcaudals black, contrasting

with ventral, tail: color----=--==-===— bicarinatus Dorsal scale rows eight immediately anterior to vent; 24-28 maxillary teeth; 137-157 ventrals; outer tips of subcaudals not sharply contrasting with ‘ventral tail collor=-==-----— Hae pyrrhopogon

Type-species: Type-species: 1862 Phyllosira Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862: 349.

1.

2.

3.

4.

6.

8.

9.

10.

Coluber saturninus Linnaeus. Coluber Laevicollis Wied. Type-species: Phyllosira flavescens

Nicaragua to southern Brazil and Argentina.

Clave de especies

Con diez filas de escamas en el medio cuerpo--2 Con doce filas de escamas en el medio cuerpo-1l

Anal entera----------------------------------- 3 Anal dividida--------------------------------- 6 Color general pardo, rojizo o amarillento----- 4 Color general verde, azul o negro-------- fuscus

Escamas dorsales lisas, menos de 40 dientes

max i lares------------------------------------ 5 Por lo menos dos hileras de dorsales carenadas; Al=4'5 dientes maxitares=———--——=— = fuscus

Color canela rojizo; supralabiales claras; ocho hileras dorsales a nivel del ano---cinnamomeus Color pardo amarillento; supralabiales oscuras; diez Jhileras; sobre ‘ely ano-—--——— == scurrulus

Hileras de escamas paravertebrales sin fosetas

en toda la longitud! del. anjimal=—---==-----=-— 7 Hileras de escamas paravertebrales con fosetas

en toda la longitud del animal-------- foveatus Menos; de 135) caudailles=--—- ~~ 8 Mas de 136 caudales--------------------------- 9

Todas las dorsales carenadas con la excepcién de las paravertebrales y la fila exterior;

2 + 2 temporales----------------- grandisquamis S6lo las dos filas paravertebrales carenadas; ]. + 2 temporalies=—=--—-— = =a schlueteri

No negro a dorsal; superficie ventral de la cola de distinto color que el dorso; usualmente dos temporales secundar ios------------------- 10 Dorso negro; superficie ventral de la cola también negra; usualmente un temporal

secundar io#----------------- 9-9 -- 99 - melas Filas de escamas dorsales diez inmediatamente anterior al ano; 30-41 dientes maxilares; 153-172 ventrales; dpices externos de sub- caudales negros, en contraste con el color ventral, de la vcolla=--~—-=----=———~———— bicarinatus Filas de escamas dorsales ocho inmediatamente anterior al ano; 24-28 dientes maxilares; 137-157 ventrales; apices externos de sub- caudales no contrastan fuertemente con color ventral: ide la cola=—--=——— — pyrrhopogon

Bo

CHIRONIUS

ll.Lacking lateral dark stripe on tail---------- 2 11.Sin cinta oscura laterocaudal--~------------- yo With lateral black stripe on tail----- monticola Con cinta negra a los lados de la cola--------- a aa aa monticola

12.Fewerthan 180 caudals------------------------ 13 12.Menos de 180 caudales------------------------ 13 More than 190 caudals-------------- multiventris Mas de 190 caudales---------------- multiventris 13.Anal divided----~-----------------~—-=-=—--~--- 14 13.Anal dividida-------------------------------- 14 Pet SSN hE a eer laevicollis Anal :entera==-==—-—---<---=—=—-=——.2— laevicollis

14.Head not brownish red; lacks median yellowish 14.Cabeza no pardo rojiza sin cinta mediana

Str i pe@------ 9999 nnn 5: amar illenta--------------------------------- 15 Head brownish red with median yellowish stripe- Cabeza pardo rojiza con una cinta mediana

a aaa aa a flavolineata amar illenta-----------------------flavolineata

15.Light vertebral stripe present---------------- 16 15.Con cinta clara vertebral-------------------- 16

Light vertebral stripe absent----------------- 7, Sin cinta clara vertebral-------------------- Ly

16.Fewerthan four rows of keeled scales in both 16.Menos de cuatro hileras de escamas quilladas en

sexeS-------------------------------- carinatus ambos) Sex0s——=—-————_—— = carinatus At least four scale rows keeled in both sexes-- Por lo menos cuatro hileras de escamas qui- eee quadricarinatus lladas en ambos sexos-----------quadricarinatus

17.-Keeled scales with light spot at base, giving 17.Escamas quilladas con mancha clara en la base,

appearance of yellow vertebral line; no zig-zag line down median ventral surface of tail;

subcaudals 108-]20------------------- flavopictus

Light vertebral line continuous, not made up of yellow spots; zig-zag line down median ventral surface of tail; subcaudals 128-154--bicarinatus

con aspecto de linea vertebral amarilla; sin lfnea en zigzag a lo largo de la superficie media ventral de la cola; subcaudales 108-120 ooo enn 2 $= - = $= == flavopictus Linea vertebral clara continua, no formada por manchas amarillas; con linea en zigzag a lo

largo de la superficie media ventral de la cola; subcaudales 128-154----------------- bicarinatus

CHIRONIUS BICARINATUS (Wied)

1820 Coluber bicarinatus Wied, Reise nach Brasilien, 1: 181. Type-locality: Lake near Rio Juct, five leagues south of Cidade Espirito Santo, Espirito Santo, Brazil. 1955 Chironius bicarinatus—Bailey, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 571: 8.

Distribution: Espirito Santo and eastern Minas Gerais, Brazil, southwest of Misiones and Rfo Uruguay, Provincias Chaco, Corrientes, Salta, Formosa, and Entre Rios, Argentina; northwestern Uruguay.

CHIRONIUS CARINATUS (Linnaeus)

1758 Coluber carinatus Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, Ed. 10: 223. Type-locality: "Indiis".

1798 Col} uber Chironius) Donndorff, Zoologische Beytrage, 3—Amphibien und Fische: 209. Type- locality: Not given.

1845 Coluber Spixii Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila, 1845: 241. Type-locality: South America.

1845 Coluber Pickeringii Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1845: 242. Type-locality: South America.

1891 Herpetodryas carinatus var. vincenti Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1891: 355. Type-locality: Saint Vincent Island.

1896 Zaocys tornieri Werner, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, 46: 15, pl. 1, fige 1. Type-locality: Sumatra. 1922 Chironius carinatus—Ruthven, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Miche, 8: 65.

Distribution: Central America; tropical South America; Trinidad; Guadalupe; San Vicente |.

CHIRONIUS CINNAMOMEUS (Wagler)

1824 Natrix cinnamomea pega in Spix, Sp. Nov. Serp. Bras.e: 20, pl. 6, figs 1. Type-locality: Amazonian forest, Brazil. 1964 Chironius cinnamomeus—Hoge, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 30 (1960-62): 53.

Distribution: Surinam and Lower Amazonian region of Brazil.

60 CHIRON IUS

CHIRONIUS FLAVOLINEATUS (Boettger)

1885 Herpetodryas flavolineatus Boettger, Zeits. fiir Naturwiss., 58: 234. Type-locality: Paraguay. 1955 Ghironius flavolineatus—Bailey, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Unive Mich., 571: 13.

Distribution: Savannas of central and western Bahia, northeastern Mato Grosso, and S&o Paulo, Brazil; Paraguay; central Bolivia.

CHIRONIUS FLAVOPIGTUS (Werner)

1909 Herpetodryas carinatus L. var. flavopicta Werner, Mitt. Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg, 26: 220. Type- locality: Ecuador, and Guayaquil, Ecuador.

1960 Chironius flavopictys—Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 122: 511.

Distribution: Known under this name only from type-loeality and Gabeeeras de Rio Congo, Ecuador; possibly oeeurs in northwestern Peru.

CHIRONIUS FOVEATUS

1955 Chironius foveatus Bailey, Oee. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Miche, 571: 10, fig. 1. Type-locality: Rie Fortuna, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil.

Distribution: Bahia to Santa Catarina, on Brazilian coast.

CHIRONIUS FUSCUS (Linnaeus)

1758 Coluber fuseus Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, Ed. 10: 222. Type-locality: Asia (in error).

1758 Coluber saturninus Linnaeus, SyStema Naturae, Ed. 10: 223. Type-locality: Indiis.

1854 Dendrophis viridis Duméril, Bibron and Duméril, Erp. Gén., 7: 202. Type-locality: unknown.

1860 Herpetodryas sebastus Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860: 562. Type-locality: unknown.

1876 Herpetodryas holochlorus Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2) 8 (1875): 178. Type-locality: Rio Marafioén, Peru. :

1915 Herpetodryas vicinus Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1915: 660. Type-locality: Andagoya, Colombia.

1929 Chironius fuscus—Amaral, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 4: 161.

Distribution: Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guianas, central Brazil, Peru.

CHIRONIUS GRANDISQUAMIS (Peters)

1868 Spilotes grandisquamis Peters, Monats. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1868: 451. Type-locality: Rica. 1951 Chironius grandisquamis—Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 34: 96.

Costa

Distribution: Costa Rica, Panama, northwestern Ecuador.

CHIRONIUS LAEVICOLLIS (Wied)

1824 Coluber laevicollis Wied, Isis von Oken, 1824, heft 6: 666. Type-locality: None givens Wied, Beitr. Naturges. Bras., 1825, 299, said Fazenda of Muribeca on lower Rio Itabapoana, on boundary between Espirito Santo and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

1955 Chironius laevicollis—Bailey, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 571: 18.

Distribution: Central Espirito Santo to Paranda, Brazil.

CHIRONIUS MELAS (Cope)

1886 Herpetodryas melas Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 23: 278. Type-locality: Nicaragua. 1951 Chironius melas—Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 34: 97.

Distribution: Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica.

61

CHIRONIUS CHIRONIUS MONTICOLA Roze 1952 Chironius monticola Roze, Acta Biol. Venezuelica, 1: 100, figs. Type-locality: 1 Junquito, Distrito Federal, Venezuela.

Distribution: Coastal Cordillera from Caracas, to Andes of Tachira, above 1,200 m in Venezuela; Colombia; also recorded from Bolivia by Roze, Ofidios de Venezuela, 1966, 101.

CHIRONIUS MULTIVENTRIS Schmidt and Walker

1943 Chironius multiventris Schmidt and Walker, Zool. Ser. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 24: 282. Type- locality: Departamento Madre de Dios, Peru.

Distribution: Known from type-locality; also recorded from Onverwacht, Surinam by Hoge, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 30, 1964, 54; Museo Nacional of Brazil has specimen from Benjamin Constant, Brazil.

CHIRONIUS PYRRHOPOGON (Wied)

1824 Coluber pyrrhopogon Wied, Isis von Oken, 1824, heft 6: 666.

Type-locality: None given; Wied, Beitr. Naturges. Bras., 1825, 296, gave great forests of Rio Iritiba or Benevente, Espirito Santo, Brazil.

1955 Chironius pyrrhopogon—Bailey, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 571: 12.

Distribution:

Bahia to Santa Catarina, Brazil, along coast; Bailey, loc. cit., recorded the same or a closely related form from western Mato Grosso.

CHIRONIUS QUADRICARINATUS (Boie)

1827 Erpetodryas 4-dricarinatus Boie, Isis von Oken, 20 (1): 548. Type-locality: None given, restricted to Asuncién, Paraguay by Bailey, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Miche, 571: 15. 1862 Phyllosira flavescens Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862: 349.

Type-locality: Paraguay or northern Argentina. 1955 Ghironius quadricarinatus—Bailey, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Miche, 571: 15.

Distribution: Savanna areas of northern Mato Grosso, Brazil, and central Bolivia; central Paraguay; vicinity of Sao Paulo city, Brazil.

CHIRONIUS SCHLUETERI| (Werner)

1899 Herpetodryas Schliiteri Werner, Zool. Anz., 22: 115. Type-locality: Napo, Ecuador. 1960 Chironius schliiteri—Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 122: 512.

Distribution: Amazonian slopes of Ecuador.

CHIRONIUS SCURRULUS (Wagler)

1824 Natrix Scurrula Wagler, in Spix, Sp. Nov. Serp. Brase: 24, pl. 8. Type-locality: Rio Japura, Brazil.

1964 Chironius scurrulus—Hoge, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 30 (1960-62): 72.

Distribution: Amazonas, Minas Gerais, Rondénia, and Parad, Brazil; southeastern Colombia; Moyobamba and Xeberos, Peru.

62 REPTILIA: SERPENTES: COLUBRIDAE kkk Prepared by Joseph R. Bailey, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina

CLELIA

CLELIA Fitzinger

1826 Clelia Fitzinger, Neue Classification der Reptilien: 29. Type-species:

1830 Cloelia Wagler (emendation of Clelia Fitzinger), Nat. Syst. Amphib.s: 187.

?1843 Rhinoscytale Fitzinger, Systema Reptilium: 25. Type-species: Rhinoscytale Cloelia, nomen nudum, which may be same as Coluber clelia Daudin.

1843 Deiropeda Fitzinger, Systema Reptilium: 25. Type-species: Coluber clelia Daudin.

1843 Hydroscopus Fitzinger, Systema Reptilium: 25. Type-species: Coluber plumbeus Wied.

1853 Brachyrruton Duméril, Mém. Acad. Sci. Paris, 23: 502. Type-species: None given.

1924 Barbourina Amaral, Jour. Washington Acad. Sci., 14: 201. Type-species: Barbourina equatoriana

Coluber clelia Daudin.

Amaral.

Distribution: of Andes in South America; lesser Antilles.

Content:

Key to the species

late or with dark pigment arranged in trans- verse patterns; juveniles usually lack distinct light occipital collar; if present, median dark stripe less than five scales wide- wanna nnn nn none == - = -- == rustica Subcaudals 59-79 in males, 51-69 in females, frequently some basal ones single; dorsum dark brown or black; venter irregularly smudged with dark in juveniles, often almost solid black in adults; juveniles always with dis- tinct light occipital collar and middorsal dark stripe more than five scale rows wide---- worn nn nnn nnn ---------- occipitolutea

Tropical Mexico to about 35°S latitude east of Andes and to northwestern Ecuador west

Six species currently known, plus several undescribed taxa.

Clave de especies

1. Dorsal scales in 19 rows at midbody----------- 2 1. Escamas dorsales en 19 filas al medio del Dorsal scales in 17 rows at midbody----------- 5 Cuerp0------~~--------9 === = = 2 Escamas dorsales en 17 filas al medio del , . aaa 5 2. Upper labials usually seven (rarely eight), lower labials eight; if eight upper and eight 2. Usualmente siete supralabiales (raramente ocho), or nine lower, subcaudals fewer than 60 in ocho infralabiales; con ocho supralabiales y males, 54 in females; solid maxillary teeth ocho o nueve infralabiales, las subcaudales usually thirteen or fewer; loreal smaller than son menos de 60 en machos y 54 en hembras; preocular and squar ish--------------~--------- 3 usualmente trece o menos dientes maxilares sin Upper labials eight, lower labials usually canal; loreal rectangular y mds pequefia que la nine; solid maxillary teeth 15-17; loreal preocular------------------------------------ 3 long, about equal to preocular in size-------- Ocho supralabiales, usualmente nueve infra- --------------------------------------- bicolor labiales; normalmente 15-17 dientes maxilares sin canal; loreal alargada, aproximadamente de 5 ' igual tamafio que la preocular---------- bicolor 3. Subcaudals fewer than 80 in males, 70 in females; if overlapping range given above, 3. Subcaudales menos de 80 en machos, 70 en hem- belly prominently smudged (in juveniles) or all bras; si estos ndmeros se sobremontan, vientre dark; juvenile with dark middorsal stripe prominentemente tiznado (en juveniles) o todo continuous with nape blotch or nearly uniform oscuro; juveniles con una banda oscura medio- including head pattern----------------------- 4 dorsal continuo con la mancha nucal o casi Subcaudals over 75 in males, 64 in females; uniforme incluyendo disefio de la cabeza------ 4 belly immaculate except for dorsal pigment Mas de 75 subcaudales en machos, 64 en hembras; encroaching on tips of ventrals; juvenile vientre inmaculado excepto por la pigmentacién coral red with dark crown and nape blotch dorsal que invade los lados de las placas separated by cream collar--------------- clelia ventrales; juveniles con rojo coral, parte su- perior de la cabeza y nuca con manchas oscuras 4. Subcaudals 53-62 in males, 42-54 in females, eer eran Der cea sone clelia all paired; dorsum dark olive; venter immacu- 4. Subcaudales 53-62 en machos, 42-54 en hembras,

todas pares; dorso oliva oscuro; vientre in- maculado o con pigmento oscuro dispuesto en disefios transversales; usualmente juveniles sin collar occipital claro distinto; cuando estd presente la banda oscura mediodorsal es de menos de cinco escamas de ancho----- rustica Subcaudales en machos 59-79, en hembras 51-69, frecuentemente algunas de las basales no divi- didas; dorso pardo oscuro o negro; vientre irregularmente tiznado de oscuro en juveniles, frecuentemente negro casi uniforme en adultos; juveniles con collar claro occipital siempre presente y banda mediodorsal oscura de mas de cinco filas de ancho------------- occipitolutea

63

5. Subcaudals 78-92 in males, 70-81 in females; ventrals 202-212 in males, 216-228 in females; apical scale pits paired; solid maxillary teeth 13-14; middorsal row and head scales normal------------------------------- scytalina

Subcaudals 60-82 in males, 56-78 in females; ventrals 185-208 in males, 202-223 in females; apical pits often lacking, but numerous tiny pits centrally located on scale usually pre- sent; solid maxillary teeth 11-13; middorsal row frequently widened; also anterior or posterior reduction from 17 dorsal rows common; head scales frequently reduced by absence of loreal, fewer than 1+2 oculars, or

2+3 temporals---------------------- equatoriana

CLELIA BICOLOR (Peracca), new combination bicolor group

1904 Oxyrhopus bicolor Peracca, Rev. Suisse Zool., 12: 667.

Argentina.

Distribution:

Southern Mato Grosso, Brazil, south to San Luis and Santa Fé, Argentina.

CLELIA

5+ Subcaudales en machos 78-92, en hembras 70-813 ventrales en machos 202-212, en hembras 216- 228; hoyuelos apicales pares; dientes maxi- lares sin canal 13-14; fila mediodorsal y placas de la cabeza normales--------- scytalina

Subcaudales 60-82 en machos, en hembras 56-78; ventrales 185-208 en machos, en hembras 202- 223, frecuentemente sin hoyuelos apicales, aunque usualmente hay numerosos hoyuelos diminutos situados en el centro de la escama; dientes maxilares sin canal 11-13; fila medio- dorsal frecuentemente ensanchada; también es comin reduccién de 17 filas dorsales poster- ior y anterior; placas cefalicas frecuente- mente reducidas por ausencia de loreal, menos de 1+2 oculares o 2+3 temporales---equatoriana

Type-locality: North of Santa Fé,

An old

specimen from Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, may be an error.

CLELIA CLELIA (Daudin) clelia group

1803 Coluber clelia Daudin, Hist. Nat. Rept., 6: 330, pl. 78.

Type-locality: Surinam.

1826 | Clelia clelia|]—Fitzinger, Neue Classification der Reptilien: 31.

Distribution: east of Andes.

Content: Two subspecies.

Key to the subspecies

1. Hemipenis lacks spines; loreal frequently

minute or absent------------------- plumbea Hemipenis spinose; loreal seldom abnormal-- a en en nnn = == clelia

Clelia clelia clelia (Daudin)

All of Central America to northwestern Ecuador west of Andes and to northern Argentina

Clave de subespecies

1. Hemipenis sin espinas; loreal frecuente-

mente muy pequena o ausente-------- plumbea Hemipenis espinosos; loreal raramente anormal] ----------------------------- clelia

1826 o.[ teria] Daudinii Fitzinger (substitute name for Coluber clelia Daudin), Neue

lassification der Reptilien: 55.

1944 Clelia clelia clelia Dunn, Caldasia, 3 (12): 201.

1965 Clelia clelia groomei Greer, Breviora, 223: 1, fig. la-c.

Grenada Island, Lesser Antilles.

Distribution:

Type-locality: Beausejour,

Guatemala and British Honduras to northwestern Ecuador west of Andes, and to

Uruguay and northern Argentina east of Andes.

Clelia clelia plumbea (Wied), new combination

1820 Coluber plumbeus Wied, Reise nach Brasilien, 1: 25.

Rio S¥o Jodo, Brazil.

Distribution:

Type-locality: Between Cabo Frio and

Mouth of Rio Amazonas to Maranhao and forested areas from Espirito Santo to

Santa Catarina, southeastern Brazil, and Misiones, Argentina.

64 CLELIA

CLELIA EQUATORIANA (Amaral), new combination scytalina group

1924 Barbourina equatoriana Amaral, Jour. Washington Acad. Scie, 14: 201. Ecuador.

1944 Clelia clelia scytalina—Dunn, Caldasia, 3 (12): 201.

Type-locality: Guayaquil,

Distribution:

Pirri Range in eastern Panama through Cauca Valley of Colombia to northwestern Ecuador.

CLELIA OCCIPITOLUTEA (Duméril, Bibron and Duméril), new combination occipitolutea group

1854 Brachyruton occipito-luteum Duméril, Bibron and Duméril, Erp. Gén., 7: 1009.

Type-locality: Unknown. 1896 Oxyrhopus maculatus Boulenger, Cat. Sn. Brit. Muse, 3: 110, pl. 6, fig. 2. Type-locality: Uruguay.

Distribution: Southern Brazil to Uruguay and central Argentina.

CLELIA RUSTICA (Cope), new combination rustica group

1878 Oxyrrhopus rusticus Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soce, 17 (1877): 92. Type-locality: Argentina?

Distribution: Southern Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil south to Uruguay and

Buenos Aires; west to Tucumadn and Jujuy in Argentina.

CLELIA SCYTALINA (Cope) scytalina group

1867 Scolecophis scytalinus Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866: 320. Tabasco, Mexico.

1897 Oxyrhopus proximus Bocourt, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept.: 856, pl. 67, Western | southern] slope of Volcdn Atitlan, Guatemala. 1942 Clelia clelia immaculata Smith, Proc. U.S. Nat. Muse, 92: 394. Type-locality: "Guadalajara",

Mexico; see Zweifel, Amer. Mus. Novitates, no. 1949, 1959, 1-9, for comments on this type locality.

1963 Clelia scytalina—Stuart, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Miche, 122: 90.

Type-locality: Near

figs. 3-4. Type-locality:

Distribution: Veracruz, Mexico on Atlantic slope and Colima on Pacific slope along Pacific highlands to Costa Rica.

65 REPTILIA: SERPENTES: COLUBRIDAE KKK COLUBER

COLUBER Linnaeus

1758 Coluber Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, Ed. 10: 216. Type-species: Coluber constrictor Linnaeus.

1818 Scoliophis Lesueur, J. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat., 86: 297. Type-species: Scoliophis atlanticus Lesueur.

1826 Hemorrhois Boiey Isis von Oken, 19: 982. Type-species: Coluber hippocrepis Linnaeus.

1826 Tyria Fitzinger, Neue Classification der Reptilien: 29. Type-species: none given.

1827 Haemorrhois Boie, Isis von Oken, 20: 538. Type-species: Coluber trabalis Pallas = Coluber jugularis Linnaeus.

1830 Periops Wagler, Nat. Syst. Amphib.: 189. Type-species: Coluber hippocrepis Linnaeus.

1843 Eremiophis Fitzinger, Systema Reptilium: 25. Type-species: Coluber trabalis Boie (? = Coluber jugularis iuianaaue)e

1853 Bascanion Baird and Girard, Cat. N. Amer. Rept.: 93. Type-species: Coluber constrictor Linnaeus.

1854 Coryphodon Duméril, Bibron and Duméril, Erp. Gén., 7: 180. Type-species: Coluber capistratus Lichtenstein.

1860 Platyceps Blyth, Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 29: 114. Type-species: Platyceps semifasciatus

Blyth.

1862 Bascanium Cope (emendation of Bascanion Baird and Girard), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862: 338.

1865 Megablabes Gtinther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (3) 15: 92. Type-species: Megablabes olivaceus GUnther.

1868 Dolichophis Gistl, Blicke Leben U. Natuc, 155. [ Paper not seens; synonymy according to Romer, Osteology of the Reptiles, 1956, 576. |

1895 Acanthocalyx Cope, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., 18: 204. Type-species: Coluber ventromaculatus Gray.

1924 Argyrogena Werner, Sitz. Math.-Naturwiss. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 133, abt. 1: 50, fig. 4. Type- species: Argyrogena rostrata Werner = Coluber fasciolatus (Russell).

Distribution: Central America, North America, Europe, North Africa, Asia, East Indies.

Content: As few as four or as many as 25, depending upon whether the partition of the genus suggested by Clark and Inger, Copeia, 1943, 141-145, is accepted or not. Some recent authors have accepted it (Smith, Taylor, Auffenberg) but others continue to use Coluber in the older sense (Mertens, Minton, Wermuth). Only one species is found within limits of this work.

COLUBER CONSTRICTOR Linnaeus 1758 Coluber Constrictor Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, Ed. 10: 216. Type-locality: Canada.

Distribution: Parts of southern Canada, all of United States, eastern Mexico to northern Guatemala.

Content: Eight subspecies, according to Auffenberg, Tulane Stud. Zool., 2, 1955, 146, of which only one is found within limits of this work.

Coluber constrictor ste jnegerianus (Cope)

1895 Zamenis stejnegerianus Cope, Amer. Nat., 29: 678. Type-locality: Cameron County, Texas. 1934 Coluber ortenburgeri Stuart, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 284: 1. Type-locality: Kalto Sabana, 3 mi west of La Libertad, El Péten, Guatemala.

1942 Coluber constrictor ste jnegerianus—Muliak and Muliak, Copeia, 1942: 14.

Distribution: Low elevations, southern Texas through Gulf coastal plain of Mexico to northern Guatemala.

66

REPTILIA: SERPENTES: COLUBRIDAE

CONIOPHANES Hallowell

Coronella fissidens Giinther.

1863 Glaphyrophis Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Fis., 2: 3 1885 Hydrocalamus Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soce, 22 quinquevittatus Duméril, Bibron and Duméri.

Distribution: Ecuador and Peru.

Content:

1860 Coniophanes Hallowell, in Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scie Phila., 1860: 248.

04. (1884): 176.

CON LOPHANES

x *

Type-species:

Glaphyrophis pictus Jan. Type-species: Homalopsis

Type-species:

Extreme southern Texas through Mexico and Central America to Pacific Colombia,

Twelve species, of which four (andresensis Bailey, frangivirgatus Peters, lateritius Cope,

and meridanus Schmidt and Andrews) are extralimital.

Comment: Coniophanes brevifrons Bailey, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 362, 1937, 3, has been shown to be a synonym of Coniophanes andresensis by Dunn and Saxe, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,

102, 1950, 162.

Key to the species

Dorsal scales in 21 or fewer rows------------- 2 Dorsal scales in 23-25 rows------------------- 8 Dorsal scales in 21 rows---------------------- 3 Dorsal scales in 19 or fewer rows—=----------- 5

Large, dark, rounded spot on external border of each ventral—----=-<<<--=---=<-=-=------=-< 4 Ventrals immaculate, lightly bordered by dorsal ground color, or with very fine punctate spot-

ting; if spots are present, they are small---- ------------------------------------- fissidens Ventrals more than 150---------- quinguevittatus Ventrals fewer than 150------------- bipunctatus Dorsal scales in 19 rows---------------------- 6 Dorsal scales in 17 rows----------------- joanae

Middorsal stripe one scale row wide, either continuous or broken, may be absent entirely-7 Middorsal stripe five scale rows wide, always cont inuous----------------------- dromiciformis

No light temporal stripe through eye; hemipenis

unifurcate, spinose, capitate-------- fissidens Light temporal stripe through top of eye; hemi- penis bifurcate, spineless---------- imperialis

Lateral dark stripes four to five scale rows wide, sharply defined on longer edge----------

worn enn -------------------- piceivittis Lateral dark stripes 1/2 - 1-1/2 scale rows

wide, shading gradually to ventrals---schmidti

CONIOPHANES BIPUNCTATUS (Giinther)

1858 Coronella bipunctata Giinther, Cat. Sn. Brit. Mus.: 36.

The latter is confined to San Andres Island, Colombia.

Clave de especies

Escamas dorsales en no mas de 21 hileras

longitudinales como max imo------------------- 2 Escamas dorsales dispuestas en 23 a 25 hileras Tiong i tud inalie sa = an 8 Escamas dorsales dispuestas en 21 hileras longitudinales----------------==----------=-=- 3 Escamas dorsales dispuestas en 19 hileras longitudinales como max imo------------------- 5

Una mancha grande oscura redondeada en el borde externo de cada placa abdominal-------------- 4 Escudos abdominales inmaculados o ligeramente bordeados por el tono general del cuerpo, o muy finas punteaciones oscuras, si hay manchas

laterales, son muy pequefas---------- fissidens Mas de 150 ventrales------------ quinquevittatus Menos de 150 ventrales-------------- bipunctatus Escamas dorsales dispuestas en 19 hileras----- 6

Escamas dorsales dispuestas enl9 hileras---joanae

Una banda dorsal contfnua o quebrada, del ancho

de una escama---<----=--=<<======= === == ==--==- 7 Una banda dorsal contfnuay nunca quebrada, de cinco escamas de ancho----------- dromiciformis

Sin lfnea clara temporal a través del ojo; hemipenes unifurcados, espinosos y capitados-- aaa aad fissidens

Linea clara temporal a través de la parte superior del ojo; hemipenes bifurcados, no

esp inosoS--------------------==------ imperialis Bandas oscuras laterales ocupan cuatro a cinco filas de escamas con borde bien definido------ aaa piceivittis

Bandas oscuras laterales ocupan entre un medio y una y media filas de escamas; esfum&ndose gradualmente hacia los ventrales------ schmidti

Type-locality: Unknown; suggested as

British Honduras by Schmidt, Zool. Ser. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 22, 1941, 504.

Distribution: Panama.

Content:

Tehuantepec and southern Veracruz, Mexico through Central America to

1866 Coniophanes bipunctatus—Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866: 128.

northwestern

Two subspecies, of which one (biseriatus Smith) is extralimital.

67 CONIOPHANES

Coniophanes bipunctatus bipunctatus (Gtnther)

1863 G.{ laphyrophis | pictus Jany Arch. Zool. Anat. Fise, 2: 305. Type-locality: None given. 1940 [Coniophanes Paces bipunctatus—Smith, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 53: 59.

Distribution: Humid lowlands; southern Veracruz, Mexico, east through northern E1 Petén, Guatemala, into British Honduras, northern Honduras, Nicaragua, and northwestern Panama.

CONIOPHANES DROMICIFORMIS (Peters)

1863 Tachymenis dromiciformis Peters, Monats. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1863: 273. Type-locality: Guayaquil, Ecuador.

1866 C.[ oniophanes dromiciformis—Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866: 128.

1892 Coniophanes signatus Garman, Bull. Essex Inst., 24: 91. Type-locality: Guayaquil, Ecuador.

1939 Coniophanes dromiciformis—Bailey, Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci., 24 (1938): 32.

Distribution: Pacific coastal areas of southern Ecuador and northern Peru.

CONIOPHANES FISSIDENS (Gtinther)

1858 Coronella fissidens GUnther, Cat. Sn. Brit. Mus.: 36. Type-locality: Mexico; restricted to San Andres Tuxtla, Veracruz, Mexico, by Smith and Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 33, 1950, 350. 1860 c.[ ee utes fissidens—Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860: 248.

Distribution: Both slopes in Mexico, from Nayarit and Veracruz throughout Central America to north- western Ecuador.

Content: Six subspecies, of which three (convergens Shannon and Smith, dispersus Smith, and proterops Cope) are extralimital.

Key to the subspecies Clave de subespecies

1. No dorsolateral white stripe on neck------ 2 1. Sin 1lfnea blanca dorsolateral en la nuca--2

Dorsolateral white stripe extending poster- Con banda blanca dorsolateral que se ex- iorly a considerable distance on neck----- tiende posteriormente a considerable dis- wor rr nnn nnn nnn nnn -- fissidens tancia de la nuca----------------fissidens

2. With distinctive dark paravertebral spots-- 2. Con manchas oscuras paravertebrales dis- ee punctigularis Cintas ==--———=— = = a UNC t guilamis Lacking dark paravertebral spots--obsoletus Sin manchas oscuras paravertebrales-------- =o====— eee OS Oem

Coniophanes fissidens fissidens (Gunther)

1937 [Con iophanes | fissidens fissidens—Bailey, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 362: 5.

Distribution: Central Veracruz south on Atlantic coast of Central America to northwestern Ecuador, avoiding high mountains and Yucatan Peninsula.

Coniophanes fissidens obsoletus Minton and Smith

1962 Goniophanes fissidens obsoletus Minton and Smith, Herpetologica, 16: 108, fig. 1. Type- locality: Max Cone Finca, 1 mi east of Volcan de Buenos Aires, Puntarenas Province, Costa Rica.

Distribution: Known from type locality and Turrialba, Costa Rica.

Coniophanes fissidens punctigularis Cope

1860 G.[ oniophanes | punctigularis Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860: 248. Type-locality: onduras.

1878 Dromicus chitalonensis Miller, Verh. Naturforsch. Ges. Basel, 6: 407. Type-locality: Hacienda Chitalon, near Mazatenango, Guatemala.

1941 Coniophanes fissidens punctigularis—Smith, Proc. U.S. Nat. Muse, 91: 107.

Distribution: Low and moderate elevations of Pacific slope in Tehuantepec, Mexico, to Costa Rica.

OB

CON IOPHANES CON SCDNANED Se Se eee

CONIOPHANES IMPERIALIS (Baird and Girard) 1859 Iaeniophis imperialis Baird and Girard, in Baird, Reptiles of the Boundary: 23, pl. 19, fig. 1.

Type-locality: Given as Brownsville, Texas, but recorded as Matamoros, Tamaulipas, Mexico in USNM Catalogue, according to Cochran, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 220, 1961, 216.

1861 [ Coniophanes imperialis—Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861: 74.

Distribution: Southern Texas to northern Honduras on Caribbean slope.

Content: Three subspecies, of which two (imperialis Baird and Girard and copei Hartweg and Oliver) are extralimital.

Coniophanes imperialis clavatus (Peters)

a 1864 Dromicus (Dromicus) clavatus Peters, Monats. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1864: 388. Type- locality: Mexico. ; : 1937 Coniophanes imperialis clavatus—Bailey, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Miche, 362: 6.

Distribution: Low elevations of Caribbean slope, Veracruz, Mexico, to northern Honduras.

CONIOPHANES JOANAE Myers

1966 Coniophanes joanae Myers, Copeia, 1966: 665, figs. 1-2. Type-locality: Cerro Pirre, Serranta de Pirre, Darién, Panama, 1440 m.

Distribution: Highlands of eastern Panama.

CONIOPHANES PICEIVITTIS Cope 1870 Coniophanes piceivittis Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 11 (1869): 149. Type-locality: Chihuitan, Oaxaca, Mexico. 1870 nalekuacnil taeniata Peters, Monats. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1869: 876. Type-locality: Mexico.

Distribution: Guerrero, Mexico to Costa Rica on Pacific slope; central Honduras. Not yet recorded in Guatemala.

Content: Two subspecies, of which one (taylor i Hall) is extralimital.

Coniophanes piceivittis piceivittis Cope 1951 Coniophanes piceivittis piceivittis—Hall, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 34: 208, fig. 3.

Distribution: As for species, except Guerrero, Mexico.

CONIOPHANES QUINQUEVITTATUS (Duméril, Bibron and Duméril)

1854 Homalopsis quingue-vittatus Dumeril, Bibron and Duméril, Erp. Gén., 7: 975. Type-locality:

Unknown. 1865 c.[ lopisma | quinquevittatum var. mexicana Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Fise, 3: 55. Type-locality: Mexico.

1871 Hydrops lubricus Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1871: 217. Type-locality: Rfo Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz, Mexico.

1939 Coniophanes quinquevittatus—Bailey, Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci., 24 (1938): 26, pl. 1, fig. 6.

Distribution: Caribbean lowlands; southern Veracruz, Mexico, to northern Guatemala.

CONIOPHANES SCHMIDTI Bailey

1937 Coniophanes schmidti Bailey, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich 62 i i p c . . . . . . Th = : Itza, Yucatan, Mexico. x oe iar Lets

Distribution: Lowlands of Yucatan Peninsula to British Honduras and central El Petén, Guatemala.

REPTILIA: SERPENTES: COLUBRIDAE

69 CONOPHIS

KKKK

CONOPHIS Peters

1860 Conophis Peters, Monats. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1860: 519, figs 3. Type-species: Conophis

vittatus Peters.

Distribution: Semiarid regions of southern Mexico and Central America to Costa Rica.

Content: Four species, according to the most recent revision by Wellman, Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., 15, 1963. One species (vittatus Peters) is extralimital.

Key to the species

1. Supralabials immaculate or having dark borders below; head and body usually pale with dark stripes, or without stripes------------------ 2

Supralabials having black borders above; head and body generally black with two or four white lines running length of bedy (fig. 1)--- aaa -nevermanni

WA wu

= aeoer rrr ==

Clave de especies

1. Supralabiales inmaculadas o con bordes inferio-

res oscuros; cabeza y cuerpo usualmente cla- ros con o sin lfneas oscuras----------------- 2 Bordes superiores de supralabiales negros; ca- beza y cuerpo generalmente negros con dos o cuatro lfneas blancas a lo largo del cuerpo (fig. 1)---------------------------- nevermanni

1

(Fig. 3)

Figs. 1-3. Color patterns in Conophis (1 and 2 from Wellman, 1963).

2. Lateral dark stripe through eye involving upper half of second scale-row (fig. 2); dark stripe on paravertebral row at least posteriorly=----

Lateral dark stripe becoming indistinct on body, or restricted to fourth or third and fourth rows anteriorly, not involving second scale-row on anterior first third of body; an auxiliary lateral stripe sometimes present in- volving second row; no paravertebral stripes-- nn rn rene nnn lineatus

CONOPHIS LINEATUS (Duméril, Bibron and Duméril)

2. Linea oscura lateral a través del ojo ocupa la

mitad superior de la segunda fila de escamas (fig. 2)3 a lo menos posteriormente hay una lfnea oscura paravertebral------------- pulcher Lfnea oscura lateral indistinta sobre el cuerpo o restringida anteriormente a la cuarta, o tercera y cuarta fila de escamas; no presente en la segunda fila, en el primer tercio del cuerpo; ocasionalmente una linea auxiliar pre- sente en la segunda fila; no hay linea para- vertebral <=-------=-=—--------------= lineatus

1854 Tomodon lineatum Duméril, Bibron and Duméril, Erp. Gén. 7: 936, ple 73. Type-locality: Mexico. 1871 Conophis lineatus—Cope, Third Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci., 1869: 8. 1963 Conophis lineatus—Wellman, Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., 15: 262.

Distribution: From Veracruz and Yucatdn, Mexico to Costa Rica.

Content: Three subspecies, one (lineatus Duméril, Bibron and Duméril) extralimital.

Key to the subspecies

1. Stripes disappearing posteriorly (except for small spots of pigment on scale=row four or seven); first scale-row unpig- mented (fig. 3)

Stripes present posteriorly; first scale-

row pigmented (fig. 4)--------------- dunni

we nnn concolor

Clave de subespecies

1. Posteriormente, lineado dorsal ausente (ex-

cepto pequeffios puntos sobre la hilera cuarta o séptima); primera hilera no pig- mentada (fig. 3)------------------ concolor Posteriormente, lineado dorsal presente; primera hilera pigmentada (fig. 4)---dunni

70

nn cee att tUgI nt Sn

CONOPHIS

Conophis lineatus concolor Cope

1867 Gonophis concolor Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.s, 1866: 318. Type-locality: "Yucatan", restricted to Chichén Itza, Yucatan, Mexico, by Smith and Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 33, 1950, 352.

1900 Conophis lineaticeps Cope, Ann. Rept. U. S. Nat. Muse, 1898: 1094. Type-locality: Petén, Guatemala.

1941 Conophis lineatus concolop—Smith, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci., 31: 122.

1963 Conophis lineatus concolor—Wellman, Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., 15: 270.

Distribution: Yucatan Peninsula, northern Guatemala, northern third of British Honduras, and questionable record for northeastern Honduras.

Conophis lineatus dunni Smith

1941 Conophis lineatus similis Smith (preoccupied by similis Bocourt, 1886) , Jour. Wash. Acad. Scie, 31: 123. Type-locality: Managua, Nicaragua.

1942 Conophis lineatus dunni Smith (substitute name for similis Smith), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 92: 395. Typelocality: Managua, Nicaragua.

1963 Conophis lineatus dunni—Wellman, Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist, 15: 262.

Distribution: Semiarid habitats from sea level to 1000 m from Cuilco Valley in western Guatemala, El Petén, and British Honduras to northeastern and southern Honduras, western Nicaragua and northwestern Costa Rica.

Fige 4. Variations in color pattern of C. 1. dunni from different parts of its range (from Wellman, 1963).

CONOPHIS NEVERMANNI Dunn

1937 Conophis nevermanni Dumny Copeia, 1937: 214. Type-locality: Rfo Poas de Aserri (a few mi south

of San José), Costa Rica.

1963 Conophis nevermanni—Wellman, Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., 15, 272.

Distribution: Pacific coast of Honduras and northwestern Costa Rica; Meseta Central of Costa Rica.

CONOPHIS PULCHER Cope

1869 Conophis pulcher Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1869: 308. Type-locality: Petén or Verapaz, Guatemala.

1886 Conophis pulcher var similis Bocourt, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept.: 647, pl. 38, fige 6. Type- locality: unknowns restricted to Tonal&, Chiapas, by Smith and Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 33). 11950, 926.

1941 Conophis pulcher plagosus Smith, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci., 31: 121. Type-locality: Tonaléd, Chiapas.

1963 Conophis pulcher—Wellman, Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., 15: 274.

Distribution: Pacific coastal region of Chiapas, Mexico, into Guatemala; southeastern highlands and dry valley of central and eastern Guatemala; Caribbean lowlands of Honduras south to region of Tegucigalpa.

71

REPTILIA: SERPENTES: BOIDAE

Kk *

CORALLUS

CORALLUS Daudin 1803 Corallus Daudin, Hist. Nat. Rept., 5: 256. 1824 Xiphosoma Wagler,

Distribution:

Content: Three species.

Key to the species

1. Nasals separated; fewer than 85 subcaudals----2 Nasals in contact; more than 100 subcaudals----

a ee enydris 2. Dorsals in 61 or more rows; ventrals fewer than 225------------------------------------ caninus Dorsals in fewer than 60 rows; ventrals more than 230----------------------------- annulatus

CORALLUS ANNULATUS (Cope)

1876 Xiphosoma annulatum Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2) 8 (1875): 129, pl.

Type-locality: Costa Rica.

Nicaragua to Amazonian South America;

Type-species: Corallus obtusirostris Daudin. In Spix, Sp. Nov. Serp. Brasil: 40. 1860 Chrysenis Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1860: 132.

Type-species: Boa canina Linnaeus. Type-species: Chrysenis batesii Gray.

Windward Islands.

Clave de especies

1. Nasales separados; menos de 85 subcaudales----2 Nasales en contacto; mds de 100 subcaudales----

rrr rn nnn nnn === enydris 2. Escamas dorsales en 61 0 mas hileras; ventrales menos de 225--------------------------- caninus Escamas dorsales en menos de 60 hileras; ventrales mds de 230----------------- annulatus

28, fig. 6.

1893 Corallus annulatus—Boulenger, Cat. Sn. Brit. Muse, 1: 102.

Distribution: Nicaragua to Ecuador. Content: Three subspecies.

Key to the subspecies

l. With one pair of internasals-------------- 2 More than one pair of internasals; anterior lateral internasals in contact; posterior internasals separated by single median (Fig. 1)

scale: (\Figs 1 )==e=se-sse2—-5 55-45 annulatus

Clave de subespecies

1. Con un par de internasales---------------- 2 Mads de un par de internasales; internasales anteriores en contacto, posteriores separa- das por una escama mediana (Fig. 1)

Tip of snout as viewed from above in subspecies of Corallus annulatus (taken from Rendahl and Vester-

gren, 1941). Abbreviations used are:

INLj-anterior lateral nasal;

INLo-posterior lateral nasal; INM-

medial internasal; N-nasal; R-rostral; SL-supraloreals; Nos. 1 to 4 represent a series of scales con-

sidered by Rendahl and Vestergren to be same in all three subspecies.

a. blombergi. Fig. 3, a- colombianus.

2. Two medium-sized lateral internasals separated by two median scales arranged one: behindi Other (hig. e2)—=—=————— enone SSS SS SS SS SSeS blombergi

Large pair of lateral internasals which are in contact anteriorly but separated posteriorly by single median internasal (Fig. 3)----------=-------_-___ colombianus

Fige 1, ae annulatus. Fig. 2,

2. Dos internasales laterales de tamafio medio, separadas por dos escamas medianas ubicadas una detrads de la otra (Fig. 2)---

Dos grandes internasales laterales, en contacto anteriormente y separadas posteriormente por una escama mediana (Fig. 3) alertness lteter colombianus

72 CORALLUS

Corallus annulatus annulatus (Cope)

1940 | Boa annulata annulata |—Rendahl and Vestergren, Ark. for Zool., 33A (asters 1957 | Corallus a.{ nnulata annulata—Peters, Amer. Mus. Novitates, 1851: 2.

Distribution: Nicaragua to Colombia.

Corallus annulatus blombergi (Rendahl and Vestergren) 1941 Boa annulata blombergi Rendahl and Vestergren, Ark. for Zool., 33A (5): 1, figs. 6-7. Type-locality: Rig Zamora, eastern Ecuador. 1957 [Corallus ainulateal blombergi—Peters, Amer. Mus. Novitates, 1851: 2.

Distribution: Known only from type locality.

Corallus annulatus colombianus (Rendahl and Vestergren) 1940 Boa annulata colombiana Rendahl and Vestergren, Ark. for Zoole, 33A (1): 2, fig. 1. Type-locality: Cabeceras, Chocd, Colombia.

1957 Gorallus annulata colombiana—Peters, Amer. Mus. Novitates, 1851: 1.

Distribution: Pacific lowlands of Colombia and northwestern Ecuador.

CORALLUS CANINUS (Linnaeus)

1758 Boa canina Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, Ed. 10: 215. Type-locality: America.

1758 Boa Hipnale Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, Ed. 10: 215. Type-locality: Asia.

1768 Boa thalassina Laurenti (substitute name for Boa canina Linnaeus), Synopsin Reptilium: 89. 1768 Boa aurantiaca Laurenti, Synopsin Reptilium: 89. Type-locality: America.

1768 Boa exigua Laurenti (substitute name for Boa Hipnale Linnaeus), Synopsin Reptilium: 89.

© 1824 Xiphosoma araramboya Wagler, in Spix, Sp. Nov. Serp. Brasil.: 45, pl. 16. Type-locality:

the rio Negro, Amazonas, Brazil. 1860 Chrysenis batesii Gray, Proce Zool. Soc. London, 1860: 132, pl. 24. Type-locality: Upper Amazon. 1893 Corallus caninus—Boulenger, Cat. Sn. Brit. Mus., 1: 102.

Distribution: Amazonian Basin of Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia; also Guianas.

CORALLUS ENYDRIS (Linnaeus)

1758 Boa Enydris Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, Ed. 10: 215. Type-locality: America. 1951 Corallus enydris—Forcart, Herpetologica, 7: 197.

Distribution: Nicaragua to Ecuador and Peru; Windward Islands. Content: Two subspecies. Comment: Authors since Boulenger's Catalogues have used hortulanus Linnaeus and enydris Linnaeus

equally as often for this taxon. We follow the latest check list of the Boidae by Stimson, Das Tierreich, 89, 1969, in the use of enydris.

Key to the subspecies Clave de subespecies 1. Rounded dorsal and lateral blotches; more 1. Manchas dorsales y laterales redondeadas; than 50 scale rows------------------ cookii mas de 50 filas de escamas---------- cookii Rhomboid dorsal and lateral blotches; fewer Manchas dorsales y laterales romboidales;

than 50 scale rows----------------- enydris menos de 50 filas de escamas------- enydris

foo COR ALLUS

SS EE — Ee

nnn EEE nnn

Corallus enydris enydris (Linnaeus)

1758 Boa Hortulana Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, Ed. 10: 215. Type-locality: America.

1768 Vipera bitis Laurenti, Synopsin Reptilium: 102. Type-locality: Brazil.

1768 Vipera madarensis Laurenti, Synopsin Reptilium: 102. Type-locality: "Isle Madére." 1796 Boa Merremii Sentzen, in Meyer, Zool. Arche, 2: 53- Type-locality: unknown.

1798 Boa Ambleocephala Donndorff, Zoologische Beytrage, 3: 149. Type-locality: none given.

1802 Boa obtusiceps Bechstein, in Lacépéde's Naturgesch. Amphibien, 5: 46. Type-locality: none

given. 1803 Corallus obtusirostris Daudin (substitute name for Boa Merremii Sentzen), Hist. Nat. Rept., 5: 259.

1824 Xiphosoma ornatum Wagler, in Spix, Sp. Nov. Serp. Brasil.s: 40, pl. 14, fig. 2. Type-local- ity: Rio Solimbes, Brazil.

1824 Xiphosoma dorsuale Wagler (substitute name for Boa hortulana Linnaeus), in Spixy Sp. Nove Serp. Brasil: 43, pl. 15.

1834 Boa modesta Reuss, Abh. Mus. Senckenbergianum, 1: 129. Type-locality: Ilheus, Bahia, Brazil.

1842 Corallus maculatus Gray, Zoological Miscellany, 1842: 42. Type-locality: Berbice, Guyana.

1951 Corallus enydris enydris—Forcart, Herpetologica, 7: UV

Distribution: Northern and western Brazil, southern Venezuela, Guianas; Amazonian Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.

Corallus enydris cookii Gray

1842 Corallus Gookii Gray, Zoological Miscellany, 1842: 42. Type-locality: America.

1876 Xiphosoma ruschenbergii Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2) 8 (1875): 129. Type- locality: Panama.

1914 Boa grenadensis Barbour, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 44: 327. Type locality: St. George's, Grenada Island, West Indies.

1934 Boa salmonidia Bricefio, Bol. Minist. Salubr. Agric. Crfa, Venezuela, 1 (14): 1141. Type-locality: Rfo de Oro, on Colombian frontier, Distrito Colon, Estado de Zulia, Venezuela.

1951 Corallus enydris cookii—Forcart, Herpetologica, 7: 197.

Distribution: Nicaragua to Colombia; northern and central Venezuela; Trinidad; Wind=~- ward Islands.

368-492 O—70——6

74

REPTILIA: SERPENTES: CROTALIDAE CROTALUS

KKK

CROTALUS Linnaeus

1758 Crotalus Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, Ed. 10: 214. Type-species: Crotalus horridus Linnaeus, confirmed by Opinion 92, Int. Comm. Zool. Nomen.

1764 Crotalophorus Houttuyn, Natuur. Hist., 6, part 1: 290.

1768 Caudisona Laurenti, Synopsin Reptilium: 92. Type-species:

1818 Crotalinus Rafinesque, Amer. Month. Mag. Crit. Rev., 3: 446.

cyanurus Rafinesque = Crotalus horridus Linnaeus.

Type-species: Crotalus horridus Linnaeus. Caudisona terrificus Laurenti. Type-speeies: Crotalinus

1822 Crotalus Fleming (not of Linnaeus, 1758), Philos. of Zool., 2: 294. Type-species: Crotalus miliaris Linnaeus.

1825 Crotalophorus Gray (not of Houttuyn, 1764), Ann. Philos., 10: 205. Type-species: Crotalus miliaris Linnaeus.

1826 Caudisona Fitzinger (not of Laurenti, 1768), Neue Classification der Reptilien: 63. Type-

species: Crotalus miliaris Linnaeus. 1830 Uropsophus Wagler, Nat. Syst. Amph.: 176. 1843 Urocrotalon Fitzinger, Systema Reptilium: 29. 1867 Aploaspis Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866: 310. Kennicott. 1875 Aechmophrys Coues, in Wheeler, Rept. Explor. and Surv. West of 100th Mer., 5: 609. Crotalus cerastes Hallowell. 1883 Sistrurus Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 8: 118. Type-species: Crotalus miliarius Linnaeus. 1883 Haploaspis Cope (<nandation of Aploaspis Cope), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883: 13.

Uropsophus triseriatus Wiegmann. Crotalus durissus Linnaeus.

Caudisona lepida

Type-species: Type-species: Type-species:

Type-species:

Distribution: The Americas.

Content: About 26 species, of which only two occur within the limits of this work, according to latest revision, by Klauber, Rattlesnakes, 1956. Hoge, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 32, 1965 (1966), is followed, as the most recent summary of the genus, in using Crotalus and Sistrurus as subgenera.

Key to the species Clave de especies

1. Pattern obsolete; never conspicuous----------- 2 1. Disefio obsoleto; nuca conspfcuo--------------- 2 Pattern well-defined, always conspicuous------- Disefio definidoy siempre conspfcuo----- durissus srr nn nnn nn nnn nee durissus 2. Con algunas escamas salpicadas de puntos o 2. With scattered white spots or streaks on some lfneas blancas----------------------- vegrandis but not all scales------------------- vegrandis Escamas no salpicadas de lfneas blancas-------- No scattered white streaks on scales---durissus = 2999 -------------------------------------- durissus

CROTALUS (CROTALUS) DURISSUS Linnaeus

1758 Grotalus Durissus Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, Ed. 10: 214. Type-locality: America; restricted to Jalapa, Veracruz, Mexico, by Smith. and Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 33, 1950, 348. Distribution: Discontinuous; Mexico to Costa Rica; savannas of South America. See map in Hoge, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 32, 1965 (1966), 138.

Content: Twelve subspecies, of which two (culminatus Klauber and totonacus Gloyd and Kauffeld) are extralimital.

Key to the subspecies

1. Conspicuous pattern of longitudinal bands on neck, followed by rhomboid blotches strongly contrasting with ground color---2

No conspicuous pattern (except in juven- iles), no strongly contrasting colors-----

re unicolor

2. Centers of rhomboid blotches light, conspicuous in contrast to rest of blotch-

Centers of rhomboid blotches not light, only slightly lighter than rest of blotch- Wt anna anna naa ------------------ terrificus

Clave de subespecies

1. Disefio conspfcuo de bandas longitudinales en la nucay seguido de manchas romboidales contrastantes con el color de fondo------ 2

Disefio no conspfcuo (excepto en juveniles), no acentuado por contraste entre colores claros y oscuros----------=-----=- unicolor

2. Centros de manchas romboidales claros, destacdndose en contraste con el resto del

Centros de manchas romboidales no claros o muy ligeramente mds claros que el resto del rombo----------------------- terrificus

Be

6.

Paravertebral nuchal stripes of uniform color, center not lighter than borders---4 Paravertebral nuchal stripes very broad (four scale rows) with lighter borders and center lighter than borders-------- ruruima

Paravertebral nuchal stripes wider than single scale----------------------------- 5 Paravertebral nuchal stripes one scale row OO ae dryinus Paravertebral nuchal stripes long, usually longer than one head length-------------- 6 Paravertebral nuchal stripes short, less

than one head length------------ cascavella

Paravertebral nuchal stripes lack accessory stripes below---------------------------- 7 Paravertebral nuchal stripes with continu- ous or interrupted stripes beneath them,

never with single accessory spot--------- 8

With single, simple accessory spot beneath paravertebral nuchal stripe------- durissus Lacking any accessory spots beneath para- vertebral nuchal stripe------------ tzabcan

Paravertebral nuchal stripes with continu- ous dark stripe below-------------------- 9 Paravertebral nuchal stripes with series of dark spots below--------------- mara joensis Loreal indistinguishable from other lateral head scales------------------ collilineatus Loreal clearly distinguishable from other lateral head scales------------- cumanensis

Crotalus (Crotalus) durissus durissus Linnaeus

Cr

1802 Crotalus simus Latreille, in Sonnini and Latreille, Hist. Nat. Rept., 3: 202.

locality: "Ceylan".

lip

CROTALUS

Cintas paravertebrales nucales de color uniforme; con centro no mas claro que los Ne) CSE S22 SSS SSeS ee eee Steos 4

Cintas pafavertebrales nucales muy anchas (cuatro escamas) limitadas de claro exter- iormente; con el centro mds claro que los bordes=-===--———=- = enn ee === ruruima

Cintas paravertebrales nucales mas anchas

SS a 5 Cintas paravertebrales nucales de una escama de ancho-—-—=----~-————-—_—_-— dryinus

Cintas nucales paravertebrales largas; normalmente mas largas sobre la nuca que

la longitud de la cabeza----------------- 6 Cintas nucales paravertebrales cortas;

menores que la longitud de la cabeza------

a a a ee ae cascavella

Cintas paravertebrales nucales sin cintas accesorias deba jo------------------------ 7 Cintas paravertebrales nucales con cintas contfnuas o interrumpidas debajo; nunca una simple mancha accesor ia-------------- 8

Con sélo una simple mancha suplementaria debajo de la cinta paravertebral nucal---- rm oo durissus

Sin manchas ni cintas suplementarias deba jo de la cinta paravertebral nucal----tzabcan

Bandas nucales paravertebrales acompafiadas por lfneas no interrumpidas deba jo------- 9 Bandas nucales paravertebrales acompafiadas por una serie de puntos oscuros